Make decisions or solve problems Essay

What are heuristics? How do they help us organize decisions or realise line of industrial plant? How do they halt decision do and problem figure out? What does the study of heuristics tell us about how our mind works? Elvira Gubayeva In psychology, the term heuristics is used to describe cognitive shortcuts that our mind takes in order to save time and effort while solving problems and making decisions. Although this rule of thumb technique does not guarantee the solution, it is highly likely to solve the problem.These congnitive shortcuts differ from algorithms as algorithms will definitely solve the problem, although they would have got more time in the process. Thus, heuristics are shortcuts that eliminate the need to take up unlikely possibilities or irrelevant states to pay the final solution. From that perspective, heuristics are usable in making decisions or solving problems. One of the most substantial heuristic methods was explored by Newell & group A Simon. T hey called this method the means-ends analysis.This method implies that the problem solver will note the struggle between the current state of the problem and the goal state, the solution. He would then create a subgoal to reduce the difference between the two states. A path, or an operator, would be selected to reach the subgoal. Egan & Greeno(1974) used the Tower of Hanoi problem to investigate this heuristic method. They raise that subjects with prior experience with the problem who used the means-ends analysis solved more difficult versions of the problem faster than subjects who did not make appropriate subgoals.Subjects who changed their schema to means-ends analysis produced better results than those who did not. Overall heuristics are useful in solving problems and making decisions as they reduce the complexity of different solutions that are possible. They do yield good results when they are used in the appropriate context. However, heuristics merchant ship also hi nder decision making and problem solving. For example, Anzai & Simon(1979) shew that many subjects used domain dependent strategies while solving the newspaper column of Hanoi problem.This hindered their process to the solution as they avoided certain states in the obtain that they believed would not help them, rather than move towards a definite goal/ subgoal state. Subjects were more interested in the goal state and focused on reaching that rather than reaching the subgoal state first. As Thomas(1974) found, this could actually hinder process. Thomas used the missionaries-cannibals puzzle and adapted J. R. R. Tolkiens hobbits and orcs to replace missionaries and cannibals. To reach the solution quicker, subjects had to move away from the goal state.However, not many were volition to do that. This distraction to reach the goal state caused the subjects to take durable solving the problem. If the subjects found themselves touching away from the goal state, they typically t heory they reached a back alley and backtracked. As a result, subjects took longer to solve the problem as they were using the domain dependent heuristic and avoided moving away from the goal. Another heuristic which could hinder correct decision making and problem solving is the availability heuristic.We use data that we can imagine better or that which had a bigger impact on us rather than complete data. Thus subjects can make judgements based on what is easier remembered than an unbiased judgement. One availability heuristic that is commonly used is the media bias. The media presents much(prenominal) a great number of fatal accidents that most think that destruction is more likely to be caused by an accident rather than diabetes. This is not the case, yet because an accident is easier to remember and had a greater impact on the mind most would consider the statement above to be true.