Why Fathers Should Be A Family Policy - 1459 Words

1.A. Fathers should be as equally engaged in parenting as much as mothers are typically expected. Policies Promoting Fatherhood, are centered on making parenting and childrearing equal for both the father and the mother. According to Bogenschneider’s definition of â€Å"family policy†, is a government role that â€Å"aims to protect, promote and strengthen families through functions such as childrearing and childcare. The family policy is meant to be a broad definition; to include things like defense policy, economic edicts or pollution controls are all counted in the definition of family policy (Bogenschneider, 2014). While the definition could be open-ended, promoting Fatherhood or Co-Parenting would qualify as a true family policy because it†¦show more content†¦The idea of â€Å"true paradox† is evident but is not always self-evident. According to Bogenschneider, it is easy to be persuaded towards one side or the other. True paradox can be addressed on more than one way, â€Å"pushing in the ignored direction, or simultaneously two opposing, yet valid, policy goals† (Bogenschneider, 2014). This is especially true when asking for both parents to share in childrearing and childcare. Sometimes, tradition conflicts with equality. Women want to be treated equally in most aspects of their lives while also being thought of in the traditional model as the primary caregiver. Finding balance for equally and also wanting freedom to do as one pleases, can be difficult when deciding who is going to care for the children while the other parent is off doing something she or he wants to do, including work. 1. The FMLA entitles eligible employees of covered employers to take unpaid, job-protected leave for specified and medical reasons. 12 weeks of unpaid leave to care for newborns or newly adopted children, or for serious medical problems for both an employee and relatives in a 12-moth period. This act applies to both the father and mother. For example, a father is just as entitled to take leave time to help with caring for a newborn child, as the mother that gave birth. 1. The first limitation is that the federal government could help expand the reach of the Family and Medical Leave, requiring businesses with less then 50

Rousseaus Concept of Democracy Essay - 995 Words

Rousseau describes democracy as a form of government that â€Å"has never existed and never will† ; yet twenty-six countries in the world are considered to be full democracies. How can this be possible? Rousseau’s concept of democracy supports the most fundamental and basic premise of democracy – one in which all citizens directly participate. While his idea of democracy cannot be considered an effective indictment of what passes for democracy today, it is not Rousseau’s account which is flawed but that in modern society is would be practically impossible to achieve this idea of democracy. Jean-Jacques Rousseau defines democracy as a government in which â€Å"the sovereign entrust the government to the entire people†¦so that there are more†¦show more content†¦A state with â€Å"simplicity of mores† is a state in which its citizens are not greedy or ambitions. Finally, a state must have equality and little luxury because they both co rrupt the citizens. Even if a state were to have these basic premises in place, there must be institutions that allow for the prosperity of a democratic government. The democratic government, according to Rousseau consists of a legislative power and an executive power. While the legislative power belongs solely to the people (for they are the ones responsible for making the law), the executive power belongs solely to the Sovereignty. Along with this, Rousseau describes four types of law present in a democracy: political, civil, criminal and mores. These laws are in place to regulate relationships. Political laws regulate the relationship between the sovereign and the state, civil laws are for the relationship between the subjects, the relationship between man and law is regulated by criminal law and finally, and according to Rousseau, most importantly are mores laws which â€Å"preserves a people in the spirit of its institutions† and thus all other laws depend on this one. Democracy today is different from what Rousseau describes. Even in Norway, which ranked as the most democratic country in 2010, a constitutional democracy still exists. SocietiesShow MoreRelatedRousseau Vs Democracy853 Words   |  4 PagesDemocracy, More Like DemoCRAZY An issue with the concept and philosophy of democracy is that idea in which is theorized to uphold can sometimes contradict themselves. Democracy in itself cannot be definitely defined, but instead is left up to interpretation by many philosophers and theorists, all of whom have wildly varying convictions of how an actual democracy should function. The ideals in which one person might claim to the be fundamental basics of their version of a democracy could also theRead MoreRousseau s Beliefs On The Form Of Governments Essay1746 Words   |  7 Pagessovereign. In his writings from the social contract Rousseau outlines what the sort of government should be. 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Online Universities Economics And Quantitative Analysis Report

Question- (a) Provide a descriptive analysis of the two variables (e.g., mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum).(b) Develop a scatter diagram with retention rate as the independent variable. What does the scatter diagram indicate about the relationship between the two variables?(c) Develop and estimate a regression equation that can be used to predict the graduation rate(%) given the retention rate(%).(d) State the estimated regression equation and interpret the meaning of the slope coefficient.(e) Is there a statistically significant association between graduation rate(%) and retention rate(%). What is your conclusion?(f) Did the regression equation provide a good fit? Explain.(g) Suppose you were the president of South University. After reviewing the results, would you have any concerns about the performance of your university compared to other online universities?(h) Suppose you were the president of the University of Phoenix. After reviewing the results, would you have any concerns about the performance of your university compared to other online universities? Answer- Table of Contents Introduction Background Methods Results Discussion Recommendations Conclusion References Introduction The current study is focusing on the online universities that are facing challenges in sector of higher education. The report will be conducting various analyses of online colleges that are present in United States. Moreover, for the report 29 online colleges have been selected so that better result can be drawn. Background Online Universities has been growing at rapid speed that provides academic knowledge to the large number of students. On the other hand, the continuous development in the online universities has posed challenges to the higher education sector (Morrison, 2012). The online education database is engaged in forming better online colleges that are accredited. In US, the online college has grown in significant numbers over the past years. Methods The method that can be used for the particular study will be based on descriptive analysis, scatter diagram and regression equation so that better result can be generated. Moreover, the methods can be helpful in discussing the results and proposing a recommendation for the universities (McCormick and Lucas, 2013). On the other hand, in order to discuss the descriptive analysis, mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum value will be calculated on the basis on retention rate and graduation rate so that better value can be drawn for online colleges in US. Results Descriptive analysis of retention rate and graduation rate Retention Rate Graduation Rate Mean 57.41379 41.75862 Standard Deviation 23.24023 9.865724 Maximum Variable 100 61 Minimum Variable 4 25 Scatter Diagram with retention rate Figure 1: Retention Rate and Graduation Rate Figure 2: Retention Rate Scatter Diagram Estimated Regression Equation RR(%) GR(%) (x-mean) (y-mean) (x-mean)2 (y-mean)2 (x-mean) (y-mean) 7 25 -50.4138 -16.7586 2541.551 280.8514 844.8656 51 25 -6.41379 -16.7586 41.13674 280.8514 107.4863 4 28 -53.4138 -13.7586 2853.033 189.2996 734.9001 29 32 -28.4138 -9.75862 807.3436 95.23068 277.2794 33 33 -24.4138 -8.75862 596.0333 76.71344 213.8312 47 33 -10.4138 -8.75862 108.4471 76.71344 91.21046 63 34 5.586207 -7.75862 31.20571 60.1962 -43.3413 45 36 -12.4138 -5.75862 154.1023 33.16171 71.48633 60 36 2.586207 -5.75862 6.688466 33.16171 -14.893 62 36 4.586207 -5.75862 21.03329 33.16171 -26.4102 67 36 9.586207 -5.75862 91.89536 33.16171 -55.2033 65 37 7.586207 -4.75862 57.55054 22.64447 -36.0999 78 37 20.58621 -4.75862 423.7919 22.64447 -97.962 75 38 17.58621 -3.75862 309.2747 14.12723 -66.0999 54 39 -3.41379 -2.75862 11.65398 7.609988 9.41736 45 41 45 -0.75862 2025 0.575505 -34.1379 38 44 -19.4138 2.241379 376.8954 5.023781 -43.5137 51 45 -6.41379 3.241379 41.13674 10.50654 -20.7895 69 46 11.58621 4.241379 134.2402 17.9893 49.1415 60 47 2.586207 5.241379 6.688466 27.47206 13.55529 37 48 -20.4138 6.241379 416.7229 38.95482 -127.41 63 50 5.586207 8.241379 31.20571 67.92033 46.03805 73 51 15.58621 9.241379 242.9298 85.40309 144.038 78 52 20.58621 10.24138 423.7919 104.8859 210.8312 48 53 -9.41379 11.24138 88.6195 126.3686 -105.824 95 55 37.58621 13.24138 1412.723 175.3341 497.6932 68 56 10.58621 14.24138 112.0678 202.8169 150.7622 100 57 42.58621 15.24138 1813.585 232.2996 649.0725 100 61 42.58621 19.24138 1813.585 370.2307 819.4174 TOTAL 16993.93 2725.31 4259.341 Regression equation Y = b0 + b1x b1= 4259.341 / 16993.93 = 0.2506 b0 = 41.758- (0.2506) (57.41) = 27.371 Therefore, the regression equation can be written as y= 27.371 + 0.2506x Slope Coefficient of determination Standard Deviation of retention Rate= sqrt (16993.93 / 29) = sqrt (0.80138) = 24.207 Standard Deviation of Graduation Rate = sgrt (2725.31 / 29) = sqrt (0.34019) = 9.69 Therefore, the slope coefficient (r2) is R2= [(1/29) * 4259.341 / (24.207 * 9.69)]2 = 0.39208 Summary Output Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.670245 R Square 0.449228 Adjusted R Square 0.428829 Standard Error 7.456105 Observations 29 ANOVA df SS MS F Significance F Regression 1 1224.286 1224.286 22.02211 6.95E-05 Residual 27 1501.024 55.5935 Total 28 2725.31 Intercept X Variable 1 Coefficients 25.4229 0.284526 Standard Error 3.746284 0.060631 t Stat 6.786166 4.692772 P-value 2.74E-07 6.95E-05 Lower 95% 17.73616 0.160122 Upper 95% 33.10964 0.40893 Lower 95.0% 17.73616 0.160122 Upper 95.0% 33.10964 0.40893 Discussion The two variables that are retention rate and graduation rate represents that mean of each variable are different. For retention rate, mean value is 57.41 and for graduation rate mean value is 41.758. Therefore, it can be analyzed that retention rate is successful in engaging the students in comparison to graduation rate (Bejou and Bejou, 2012). On the other hand, it can be analyzed that standard deviation of retention rate is high to 23.240 due to presence of large variable values in the retention rate whereas in graduation rate many variables has same value and due to that standard deviation is low at 9.86. Apart from that, two universities that is National University and Florida University of US has maximum value under retention rate whereas in graduation rate only Florida National College has maximum value but that too at 61 only. On the other hand, the minimum variable according to retention rate is University of Phoenix and in graduation rate is Western International University and South University. The scatter diagram that has been presented shows that the there is positive correlation among the two variables that is retention rate and graduation rate. As per the scatter diagram, with the increase in x axis there is also significant increase in the y axis. The retention rate as an independent variable also shows that they are positively linked with the universities and due to that universities are able to address growth as per retention rate values (Boden, 2011). On the other hand, it can be depicted that if there is growth of universities as per retention rate then the colleges or universities can also seek growth as per graduation rate. Apart from that some universities has less retention rate such as University of Phoenix and Western International University in comparison to graduation rate. On the other hand, the retention rate is higher as many students join the school and studies in same college next year (Haydarov, Moxley and Anderson, 2012). Moreover, it can be analyzed as per retention rate that a university has more pleas to the students. If there is one unit change in the retention rate then there is significant change in graduation rate. In the next calculation that is estimation of regression equation, it can be concluded that independent variable that is retention rate is linked with the dependent variable of graduation rate of universities. If the retention rates of students are high then it can help in improving the graduation rate of students in colleges (Heuser, Drake and Owens, 2012). The regression estimation helped in knowing the relationship between two variables that is graduation rate and retention rate and their dependency on each other. Therefore, average value in context to dependent variables can be estimated if independent variable is fixed. Apart from that, the dependent variable of graduation rate changes when there is change in the independent variable of retention rate. The estimated regression equation can be effective in predicting graduation rate on the basis of retention rate. The slope coefficient that is R2 which is 0.392 shows that almost 40% of variation in the dependent variable (graduation rate) can be define by the independent variables (retention rate). As per the Regression Statistics, the coefficient of determination is around 44% which means that dependent variable is explained by retention rate. On the other hand, the multiple correlation coefficients are valued at 0.670245 which indicates that there is positive correlation among the retention and graduation rate. Further, it can be concluded that the there is no indication of statistical significance between the retention and graduation rate correlation as it fall in the range of -1 to +1. Regression Equation provide a good fit The regression does not provide good fit as only 44% of the graduation rate variable is explained by the retention rate. On the other hand, the r square is not that high to show better results. Moreover, it can be analyzed that variables are not much closer to regression line as the variable fail to define 100% of the variance (Heyneman, 2012). Therefore, retention rate does not cover all the variance of graduation rate variance. The regression equation can be in the good line if the dependent variable would have been explained by more than 50% by independent variable. Moreover the SS residual value in analysis of variance shows that the given value representing dependent variables variation is not explained. Reviewing results as president of South University After having a closer look to the result, it can be presented that the performance of the south University is not quite good in comparison to other universities in US. The retention rate of south University is 51% which is higher in comparison to Western International University, University of Phoenix, American InterContinental University, etc. Apart from that, the graduation rate is low at 25% which may show that the student may not be financially strong to have a full graduation on time (Hoyert et al. 2012). However, it can be concluded that students are not able to receive the graduation degree on time can be due to less preparation or lack of resources. Moreover, the university retains students for longer time but when it comes to providing graduation degree, university fails in doing so. Reviewing results as president of University of Phoenix After considering the results, yes it is a major concern for the university and its performance against the other online universities. The university has a low graduation rate which means that university is not able to provide full degree course to the students in time and due to that university fails to retain the students. The graduation rate for University of Phoenix is 28% which is very low in comparison to Liberty University, Westwood College and some other universities (Letkiewicz et al., 2014). Further, the retention rate is low at 4% which means that Phoenix University is not likely to retain students as students transfer themselves Phoenix University to other university. The retention rate of the university is the most lowest in relation to other university of US such as Peirce College, Kaplan University, AshFord University, etc. Therefore, it can be considered that University of Phoenix has to improve their performance standard so that maximum number of students gets gradua ted from the university itself and also in due course time (Loft and Holt, 2010). Recommendations In order to improve the universitys retention rate and graduation rate, the senior management of the universities can follow the following proposals. Solve Academic Issues: The academic problem has to be solved so that adequate preparation can be provided to the students in order to meet the demands of academic of universities coursework. The content of the courses can be delivered in interesting way that can arouse interest among the students (Mybrcc.edu, 2015). Form Centers: For increasing the retention and graduation rate of students, the universities can form centers that can help in student success. The universities can provide centers such as Math and Science Tutorial Center or Tutor Lab that can provide great assistance in enhancing their knowledge and doing assignments with much positive approach. Communication: The universities can conduct conversation with the students and congratulate them for doing excel in the courses that can motivate them to pursue in the same university till the completion of the courses. Moreover, the importance of holding a degree has to be communicated to the students so that they do not leave the university in between the course (Roggow, 2014). Motivate: The students may feel de-motivated if they are not provided right guidance from the professors or teachers and it can lead to bad college experience. Therefore, it is important for the universities to provide right guidance and support to the students so that they can perform well and get higher grades. Orientation Program: The program can be helpful for the students to seek information from the faculty advisor so that students can make a plan for the forthcoming fall semester. On the other hand, students can be able to understand the way of using online registration system, academic requirements, etc. Therefore, it encourages students to complete the course from one education institution only (Units.miamioh.ed, 2015). Conclusion The challenges in maintaining the retention and graduation rates in universities is tough task as many students either transfer from university to other or due to some financial problem they have to leave the course in between. The study focused on different statistical methods to evaluate the problem and recommendation has been provided so that retention and graduation rate can be increased. References Bejou, D. and Bejou, A. (2012). Shared Governance and Punctuated Equilibrium in Higher Education: The Case for Student Recruitment, Retention, and Graduation. Journal of Relationship Marketing, 11(4), pp.248-258. Boden, G. (2011). Retention and Graduation Rates: Insights from an Extended Longitudinal View. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory and Practice, 13(2), pp.179-203. Haydarov, R., Moxley, V. and Anderson, D. (2012). Counting Chickens Before They Are Hatched: An Examination of Student Retention, Graduation, Attrition, and Dropout Measurement Validity in an Online Master's Environment. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory and Practice, 14(4), pp.429-449. Heuser, B., Drake, T. and Owens, T. (2012). Evaluating Cross-National Metrics of Tertiary Graduation Rates for OECD Countries: A Case for Increasing Methodological Congruence and Data Comparability. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory and Practice, 14(1), pp.9-35. Heyneman, S. (2012). Introduction: Student Progress toward Graduation: An International Topic of Concern. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory and Practice, 14(1), pp.1-8. Hoyert, M., O'dell, C. and Hendrickson, K. (2012). Using Goal Orientation to Enhance College Retention and Graduation Rates. plat, 11(2), p.171. Letkiewicz, J., Lim, H., Heckman, S., Bartholomae, S., Fox, J. and Montalto, C. (2014). The Path to Graduation: Factors Predicting On-Time Graduation Rates. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory and Practice, 16(3), pp.351-371. Loft, B. and Holt, M. (2010). Increasing STEM Graduation Rates. International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research, 1(3), pp.76-77. McCormick, N. and Lucas, M. (2013). Assessing the Effectiveness of the Redesigned Mathematics Program on Graduation and Retention Rates of Underprepared Students. Journal of Studies in Education, 3(3), p.92. Morrison, M. (2012). Graduation Odds and Probabilities among Baccalaureate Colleges and Universities. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory and Practice, 14(2), pp.157-179. Mybrcc.edu, (2015). Improving Student Retention and Graduation Rates. Roggow, M. (2014). Improving Student Performance Outcomes and Graduation Rates Through Institutional Partnerships. New Directions for Community Colleges, 2014(165), pp.25-35. Units.miamioh.ed, (2015). Guide to Improving Retention and Graduation Rates in Academic Departments Programs.

Managing Cultural Diversity Within Higher Education

Introduction There is no use denying the fact that education plays vital role in the modern world. To become successful a person should be able to struggle with his/her rivals and have a great level of skills. Very often it is impossible to achieve it without a good education as it gives a person not only knowledge, which will be important in his/her future life, though a very important experience that will differ a graduate from other people and help him/her to become successful.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Managing Cultural Diversity Within Higher Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Under these conditions, one understands a great attention given to this very issue.  Nowadays, the process of globalization makes this sphere more diverse and complicated at the same time. There is a great number of people with different mentalities and cultural peculiarities, who want to obtain education and study at a certain educational establishment. That is why, it is vital to be able to deal with all these people and take into account cultural diversity.  Especially vital under these conditions become such issues as leadership, diversity and inclusion as they help a person to feel himself/herself as a part of collective and make new friends. This process is important for a first year student and, that is why, a great number of investigations are devoted to this theme. The issues of leadership, diversity and inclusion Globalization and diversity First of all, it should be said that the issue of diversity and its importance for higher educational establishments is not new. Robinson-Neal in his work traces the history of its development. He underlines the fact that all peculiarities of its evolution show the way in which society develops and people obtain new ideals and beliefs. Furthermore, Robinson-Neal underlines the fact that nowadays this issue becomes especially important bec ause of the blistering development of another important issue which is globalization (n.d.). According to the latest findings, which are presented in the work Diversity in Higher Education by Cengiz the number of foreign students grow every year (2009) and this tendency will remain. That is why by the end of 2020 it will be possible to observe a great diversity of different cultures in educational educations (Cengiz, 2009). Arriving from different countries of the world, students also bring their culture and peculiarities of mentality. That is why, the given work underlines the fact that it is vital to start some new projects connected with this issue which main aim will be efficient management of this diversity and creation of good conditions for different students. Daniel Little and Satya Mohanty in their book The Future of Diversity: Academic Leaders Reflect on American Higher Education outline similar ideas.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They take the idea that the number of people, who want to obtain education, will grow as obvious and they suggest the academic leaders vision of this problem (Little Mohanty, 2010). The thing is that very often nowadays educational establishments are not ready to respond to appearing challenges. Campus and diversity Nevertheless, more and more people arriving from foreign cultures or just representing other culture demand creation of absolutely new approach to the idea of education which will be able to develop a certain set of skills among students and which could help them in their adaptation to new conditions. The process of adaptation is of a great importance as it helps students to obtain new skills and socialize. The work Managing Diversity Flashpoints in Higher Education also underlines this fact, accepting the idea that it is very important to create good conditions for students to be able to communicat e (Garcia Karen, 2008). That is why, the idea that everything should start from the campus is central for this work. Being surrounded by a great number of the same students, a person will be able to develop his/her leadership qualities and become a part of collective faster. Additionally, great number of representatives of different cultures, who surround a person, can help to make a student more tolerant and accept this diversity easier. That is why, the idea that the life of a person on campus is very important obtains great popularity. This idea is further investigated in the research Diversity in Academe. The given work centers around the position of Hispanics students in different educational establishments (Diversity in Academe, 2014). Taking into account their unique culture, it is obvious that they demand some special approach and interaction with students who belong to some other groups can be taken as a good way to socialize and adapt to new conditions of the college or i nstitute. Leadership Additionally, leadership qualities will also develop because of the appearance of the necessity to assert oneself and show the rest of students that a person is worth respecting. Under these conditions, the issue of inclusion also plays an important role. Ronayne Jarlath in his work also underlines great significance of this process (2009). The thing is that even studying with a great number of people and seeing them every day, a person still can be excluded from society because of a great number of different reasons. It can be either the problems with adaptation or a pupils position in society. Thus, a person is not the member of collective and is not able to develop his/her personality.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Managing Cultural Diversity Within Higher Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Under these conditions, the issues of leadership and inclusion become especial ly vital. Jarlath even suggests certain courses and consultations which main aim will be to help such person to develop his/her leadership qualities. According to Jarlaths idea it will also help a student to become more popular and find his/her place in society (2009). Jehangir agrees with this assumption, underlining the fact that it is vital to cultivate leadership qualities among students (2010). In the work Higher Education and First-Generation Students: Cultivating Community, Voice, and Place for the New Majority she cogitates about the importance of creation of a good atmosphere among students for them to be able to develop their personality. I t is a vital thing for every educational establishment and its prosperity and image depends on it. Only strong leaders among students can influence the image of the college or institute positively. Nevertheless, leadership is not a set of qualities, it is a certain state which helps a person to become more efficient in everything what h e/she does. Leadership and diversity Furthermore, a good leader can become a thing which will fasten the collective and teach students how to accept diversity and become more tolerant. Levine continues cogitation about this very issue, naming diverse issues the most important thing in modern society (2011). Under the conditions of globalization, the issue of diversity continues its development and obtains more and more importance. Defying diversity as the presence and mutual dependence of a great number of different cultures (2011), Levine also underlines the fact that it can be taken as the basis for new society which will be deprived of any racial prejudices and conflicts. That is why, it is very important to draw students attention to this issue during the process of their study as it is still possible to change their mentality and introduce ideas of cosmopolitanism. Student organizations, leadership and diversity To develop such traits among students, it is vital to make sure th at they will have to work in mixed groups, where no attention to race or culture is given. For example, the article Student Organizations and Institutional Diversity Efforts: A Typology by Kuk and Bannig suggests student organizations as a very powerful remedy which could influence students and make them more tolerant (2010). Every student organization has its statute which regulates its functioning and serves as a certain criterion according to which the character of this very organization can be determined. Creation of certain paragraphs, which prohibit some special attitude towards representatives of different cultures, can help to make students more tolerant, and, moreover, being members of this organization, students will have no other chance but to interact.   It will lead to the development of inclusion.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, leadership qualities will also be developed because of the hierarchy which any organization has. Besides, these organizations turn out to be a very powerful remedy which help to introduce the culture of acceptance, which importance is underlined in the work by Heaggans and Polka where they stress the idea that this concept is very important in modern society (2009) as it can help to avoid a great number of different problems and guarantee stable development of the world. That is why a great deal of planning should be devoted to the creation of conditions under which the issue of cultural acceptance will appear. They underline the fact that inclusion is impossible without understanding and it, in its turn, can come only after a person has accepted all differences which exist between him/her and representatives of some other cultures and be able to communicate with them without any complications or prejudices. Racial and gender bias and the issues of leadership and diver sity Especially important this issue becomes on the background of racial bias which, unfortunately, still exist in our society. Denson, in her work states that racial issues matter and influence the process of studying greatly (2009). That is why, such phenomena as inclusion and diversity are very important for educational institutes because very often students give much attention to the color of skin or the size of eyes. Thus, not much attention is given to the attempts to get rid of the manifestations of preconceived attitude. However, Denson states that nowadays it is a good moment to forget about them with the help of special policy which should be aimed at the development of tolerance among students. Being educated with the idea of equality and surrounded by a great number of different cultures, a person will be not able to discriminate anymore. Taking into account situation with black people in the USA and world, this issue becomes very important for them. Harper states, that to achieve success in education a black man should be a leader and be ready to defend his culture (2012). His/her example can help to make the issue of inclusion more important. Being representatives of different cultures, black people help to create diversity in educational establishments. However, certain actions should be made by the officials of college or university to support these people and explain students the main ideas of tolerance and outline beauty of diversity. Only under these conditions there will be no causes for dissatisfaction. Absence of reasons for discrimination can lead to the development of such issue as social justice. The article Social Justice: Creating an Inclusive University Culture is centered around it. The author states the fact that today in a great number of educational institutions people still suffer from problems connected with their culture or race (Shelton, 2011). However, sometimes certain students can try to struggle with it and strive for so cial justice. Under these conditions, the issue of leadership and diversity becomes very important and, moreover, they influence another important phenomenon which is inclusion. In such cases students should be given support and help in their struggle. Besides, this struggle can also develop leadership qualities in a person, which in its turn can inspire other students. Eddy and VanDerLinden also underline great importance of leadership, stating the fact that in higher education the issue of leadership needs deep investigation (2006). Being one of the most important qualities which influences formation of a good specialist, this trait of character needs rethinking and reconsideration. Special programs should be created to develop it and make a person a good leader which, in its turn, can improve relations between students. The same deals with relations between genders. Traditionally, women were presented in educational establishments poorer than men. It happened due to different his torical peculiarities Thus, nowadays situation is different and women enter educational establishments easily. However, very often they still do not have the same chances. Resting on the fact that diversity issues should be of a great priority nowadays, it is possible to say that great effort should be done to involve women in some social processes. Vieyra, Gilmore and Timmerman state that it could be done with the help of a certain research work performed by women (2011). This process can have positive influence on the whole atmosphere in educational establishment and help to promote development of tolerance among students. Disabled people The same deals with people who suffer from different disabilities. They might belong to different cultural groups, though they still have a great number of problems with socialization no matter what race they belong to. Davis states that it is vital to guaranty equal conditions for these people as they need it most of all (2011). Additionally, di versity means existence of a great number of different points of view, which are respected by other people. With this in mind, it is possible to say that in terms of management of cultural diversity, it is vital to take into account needs of these people and fulfill them. Furthermore, in modern society the issue of gay couples and their relations obtains more and more popularity. It is obvious that they also want to obtain education and socialize. That is why, they should be involved in the process. Almeida-Neveu admits that involving gay couples in studying helps to diversify diversity and develop personal qualities of students, such as tolerance and humanism (2010). Current situation and challenges With this in mind, it is possible to say that the issue of management of multicultural differences within a group of students seems to be the most important for modern education. Parrish and Linder-VanBerschot state that under modern conditions the given sphere often faces such sort of challenges and it is vital to be able to cope with them (2010). Strazzeri adds, that sometimes it can be very difficult for study and research institutions to align their functioning in accordance with the main principles of diversity management as the whole process of studying should be reconsidered and certain conclusions should be done (n.d.). It is vital for institutions to create such conditions which could help students to become the part of multicultural society of their establishment and obtain respect for other cultures. That is why, some difficulties can appear. To illustrate these difficulties Vermeulen compares different educational establishments in South Africa and Germany in order to show the way in which these institutions try to face new challenges (2011). It is obvious, that in Germany situation is better as they managed to take into account different peculiarities of people who study at these universities and create appropriate conditions for them. It is vital for a person to feel comfortable during the process of studying and, that is why, the results are also better.  Finally, it should also be said that according to Gayles colleges and universities in the USA nowadays are more culturally diverse than ever before (2009). That is why, the government also devotes its attention to the given issue, trying to develop the ability to work with different groups of people among students and even graduates. Due to this fact, special teaching diversity courses are created in order to make people more tolerant, flexible and ready to respond to some challenges which appear. The article Joining up agendas: internationalisation and equality and diversity in higher education also agrees with this fact. The given work analyzes all issues connected with the issue of culture in educational institutions and its influence on their well being (Joining up agendas: internationalisation and equality and diversity in higher education, 2011). According to it, only a few number of educational establishments can be taken as those which really have created comfortable conditions for representatives of different cultures. Unfortunately, great number of other colleges and institutions still suffer from the lack of tolerance and it is difficult to speak about such issues as diversity and inclusion there. The work Context Diversity. Reframing higher education in the 21st century continues this discussion, adding that it is unacceptable for educational establishments to remain at the same level of development which was peculiar to them in the previous century. That is why, complete rethinking of the whole issue is needed. The thing which is the first to rethink is the attitude towards students which represent different cultures. Traditionally, conditions of living and studying at different colleges and institutions promoted creation of so called enclaves (Mutendwahothe, 2008), where representatives of a certain culture consolidated and helped each other. However, these enclaves were isolated from the rest of students and people were not able to become the part of society. It was useless to speak about the inclusion. However, nowadays this issue should be reconsidered. At the very beginning of studying students should be put in that sort of environment which will promote their interaction with other students and socialization. The article Cultural Diversity in Higher Education shows some possible ways in which it could be done and, moreover, underlines the fact that diversity can significantly improve the quality of knowledge given (Cultural Diversity in Higher Education, n.d.). It is widely known that the afflux of a great number of people with different mentalities gives a great stimuli for the development of science of a country which places these people (Diversity and higher education, n.d.). A great number of famous people like Einstein were immigrants and they promoted development of science in the USA (Mutendwahothe, 20 08) and, that is why, certain efforts to accommodate all people with different cultures should be made.. Conclusion With this in mind, having analyzed the given information connected with the issue of managing of cultural diversity within higher education, it is possible to make a certain conclusion. First of all, it should be said that nowadays this issue becomes especially important.   Development of different means of transport leads to the appearance of such phenomenon as globalization which, in its turn, introduces a great number of possibilities for representatives of different countries. Nowadays they are able to study in almost any country in the world. That is why, it is vital for educational establishments to be ready to face this challenge and give a great attention to such issues as diversity, leadership and inclusion as only under these conditions further development of the sphere of education is possible. References Almeida-Neveu K. (2010) Diversify Diversity: Rememb ering Gay Students in Recruiting. Chronicle Of Higher Education, 57(5):38-39. 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Journal of Diversity Management, 3(4). 1-10. Retrieved from http://cluteinstitute.com/ojs/index.php/JDM/article/viewFile/4996/5087 Parrish, P. Linder-VanBerschot, J. (2010). Cultural Dimensions of Learning: Addressing the Challenges of Multicultural Instruction. IRRODL, 11(2), n. pag. Retrieved from http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/809/1497 Robinson-Neal, A. (n.d.). Exploring Diversity in Higher Education Management: History, Trends, and Implications for Community Colleges. Retrieved from http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ940623.pdf Shelton, C. (2011). Social Justice: Creating an Inclusive University Culture. Presidency, 14(1):28-32. Retrieved from http://www.acenet.edu/the-presidency/columns-and-features/Pages/Social-Justice-Creating-an-Inclusive-University-Culture.aspx Strazzeri, L. (n.d.). Diversity management: a challenge for higher education and research institutes. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/edu/imhe/35 322813.pdf Vermeulen, P. (2011). Diversity Management in Higher Education: A South African Perspective in Comparison to a Homogeneous and Monomorphous Society such as Germany. Retrieved from http://www.che.de/downloads/AP143_South_Africa_Report.pdf Vieyra, M., Gilmore, J., Timmerman, B. (2011). Requiring Research May Improve Retention In STEM Fields for Underrepresented Women. Council On Undergraduate Research Quarterly, 32(1), 13-19. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/1042850/Requiring_Research_May_Improve_Retention_In_STEM_Fields_for_Under-represented_Women This critical writing on Managing Cultural Diversity Within Higher Education was written and submitted by user Colleen Wing to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.