Adolf Hitler Essay example -- Biography

Adolf Hitler was born and raised in Austria. From the early start of his life he had a rattling barbarous look on life. When he moved to Munich his life on the streets worsened his views. In the 30s he moved to seize power and benefit Germany a dictatorship. After becoming Dictator he used his powers to better the nation. His racial views on life and brutal tactics made Germany a world Power.Hitler was born on the eve of April 20th 1889. He had ii sisters and a brother. The first three children of his ma Ida Hitler died shortly after their birth. thither are few records about Hitlers first years in Braunau Austria. His own book Mein Kamph gave little detail and they are based on translations (Kershaw 3). He was born to Alois and Klara Hitler. They moved around from time to time to contrary sm whole farm towns in Austria (Adolf Hitler 3). One day while his arrive was eating breakfast he collapsed and died. Years later in 1907 his mom died, he then dropped out of high school a nd headed to Vienna Italy (Adolf Hitler 3). He went to realize his dream of being a painter. He applied to the Viennese Academy of Fine Arts hoping to realize his vision. His paintings got him into the exam but he didnt score high enough to get in (Adolf Hitler 3). He lived painting and sketching in low taverns while living on the streets (Adolf Hitler1). In 1913 he traveled to Munich. At first he was living on the streets going day to day doing odd jobs. Then he exasperate up in a mens home. This is where his Nationalist and Anti- Semitic views skyrocketed (Adolf Hitler1). He developed his first education in politics by studying the Demagogic techniques of Christian Social Mayor Karl Lugar (Adolf Hitler1). This view was brutal and was about keeping the German race pur... ...ermany Hitlers top officials plot an assassination attempt, they failed and were all shot. Hitler hired new officials and told them that there Germans were to fight to the death. He holed up in Berlin with the remainder of the Third Reich. The Allied forces stormed the city from all sides and soon the Reich fell. Before they broke the defenses Hitler married his love Eva Braun and a day later the both slaughtered themselves. This brought a end to what is referred to as Germanys darkest long time (Adolf Hitler2).Hitler was one of the most brilliant strategists of all time. He was a just leader and rallied his troops although his intentions werent noble. He moved Germany from depression and a time of crisis to a formidable force. When Hitler died it put an end to a heavy tyranny. In Germany today the holocaust isnt taught because of those dark days.

Comparing the Role of the Black in the South in Clotelle and Absalom, A

Role of the Black in the Southern Family as Evidenced in Clotelle and Absalom, Absalom Southern Literature, more than eachthing else, is a discussion of the family. And in the family, particularly the Southern family, no question is as pivotal--or causes as many disputes--as who belongs? Southern Literature has been, in many ways, a canon of exclusion. From a culture built upon controlling and utilizing an entire scarper for the express purpose of advancing another, a canon of yearning and desperation is left. And in no place is this as clear as at heart the family, the unit by nature designed to nurture and support--and ultimately overcome. Stereotypically, the family longed for by every Southerner is one of impeccable repute, a white triumph, clean of any African blood, with a heritage predating the Revolution and a lineage stretchability beyond the next millennium. Clotelle, by William Wells Brown, is an appeal to the Southern r arfied that African-Americans do not and can not fit into the traditional, lily-white docile familial structure which ruled the South during his time--and reigned for many years thereafter. tralatitious Southern canon emphasizes the Thomas Sutpens--of William Faulkners Absalom, Absalom --who ejects African-Americans from his family (as he attempts to create a recent one), and men like the Sheriff of Charles W. Chesnutts The Sheriffs Children, who sells a pregnant slave--carrying his unborn mulatto child--into slavery. The advancement and rampart of ones name is also highlighted by Sutpen and by Clara Hohlfelder in another Chesnutt tale, Her Virginia Mammy. These are ideals which Brown understands and resists, and tries--ultimately in vain--to defy. Clotelle does not adjust itself to the tr... ...ildren are born as a result--are disposed of as quietly as possible, in sight to keep the familial superstructure as maximally pure as possible. A white man does not marry a slave, or comprise a respectable woman of her. He kee ps her and his child in a shed outside of town, he sends them to New Orleans, or sells them to the rice swamps to fatigue under the whip for the remainder of their lives. Southern literature excludes the African-American from its families, gum olibanum robbing her of her identity and forcing her to become a mere brick in the base to a lower place the superstructure. Works Cited Brown, William Wells. Clotelle. Miami Mnemosyne Publishing, 1969. Chesnutt, Charles W. Her Virginia Mammy and The Sheriffs Children. Collected Stories of Charles W. Chesnutt. New York Penguin, 1992. 114-148. Faulkner, William. Absalom, Absalom New York Vintage, 1990.

Examining Musculoskeletal Injuries Health And Social Care Essay

Fractures or ligament hurts frequently require immobilisation for effectual healing. Subsequently, uninjured create from raw stuff papers for case sinews and joint capsules ( i.e. link meander ) undergo unfavorable alterations as a consequence of the pressure deficiency of motion ( Loitz et al 1988 ) .As stated by ( Houglum 2005 ) Mobility of the musculo worn system is unyielding by the composing of co-occurrence wander and the orientation of assorted soft tissue constructions . Connective tissue refers to clamber, facia, sinews, ligaments, joint capsules and brawn facia. Connective tissue can be farther discussed under intramuscular connective tissue and periarticular connective tissue. During the procedure of reorganization connective tissue has the inclination to shorten and go thick and fibrotic ( Houglum 2005 ) . ( Walsh et al 1989 ) found that connective tissue, ligaments specifically are influenced bio mechanisedly, biochemically and morphologically by immobilis ation. ( Noyes et al 1974 ) indicated that these influences on connective tissue are altered by 4 mechanisms ( I ) changes in the synthesis and debasement equilibrium of collagen ( 2 ) alterations in collagen extend connect ( three ) fluctuations in H2O and electrolyte content of connective tissue and ( four ) alterations in the alliance, figure and thickness of collagen fibers.Periarticular connective tissue composition of two constituents cells and unnecessarycellular matrix. Matrix is made up of collagen, elastin, reticulin and land middle. ( Donatelli &038 A Owens Burkhart 1981 ) stated alterations to the construction of connective tissue are straight colligate to joint stiffness therefrom ensuing in restricted motion. He besides noted the importance of collagen within connective tissue, making greater tensile loudness and stabilisation by dint of increased fiber binding. The mechanically skillful strength of collagen is payable to hydroxylation of lysine to hydrox ylysine which histories for the increased fiber binding ( i.e. the cross links of next collagen fibers ) . As these fibers mature the intra and intermolecular bonds ( cross links ) test in figure therefore supplying greater strength to the fibers. in spite of appearance land message glycoaminoglycans ( GAG ) binds with H2O making a semi fluid syrupy gel within which the collagen and fibrocytes are embedded. The lubricator maintains a distance between the fibers, thereby al commencementing free glide of the fibers past individually other and forestalling inordinate cross linking ( Donatelli &038 A Owens Burkhart 1981 ) . Land substance in connective tissue comes manus in manus with collagen with run into functional ability. ( Minns et al 1973 ) tested the importance of land substance in CT, through the usage of chelating agents and enzymes, what they found was a important less(prenominal)ening in stiffness, strength and other clip dependent belongingss in its absence. With immobilisation the action and lysis of collagen additions, it is besides believed that the loss of extensibility is non due to the volume of collagen deposited but from the country it is deposited it from ( Lederman ) . furthermore a loss of GAG and H2O in the land substance consequences in fading of the extracellular matrix this cause s less separation and more cross nexus formation between collagen fibers ( approach et al 1981 ) . Post hurt, freshly formed fibrin and collagen fibers organize in a disorganised manner when immobilized. This reduces the entire tenseness strength of the tissue. Collagen fibres when aligned along the lines of mechanical emphasis produce their greatest strength. The importance of collagen alliance is apparent(a) in the survey under scoop outn by ( Noyes et al 1974 ) he found a 39 per cent lessening in maximal failure of the prior cruciate ligament in archpriest s station 8 hebdomads immobilisation.intramuscular connective tissue Normally compose s of epimysium, perimysium and endomysium. These connective tissues play a grand function towards the snap of skeletal muscle as the non contractile constituent. The extra binding of connective tissue to muscle cells preserves its dependability during abridgement while guaranting close contact between the origin capillaries and nervousnesss within the skeletal musculus ( Jarvinen 2002 ) . Jozsa and co-workers found with immobilisation the degrees of endomysium and perimysium within the intramuscular connective tissue increased ensuing in separation of single musculus fibers, along with reduced degrees of blood capillaries and transverse arcsecondtional country of musculus fibers ( Jozsa et al 1988 ) . These connective tissues bind to muscle cells and conserves its social unity during contraction and embracings blood capillaries and nervousnesss within the skeletal musculus to maintain them close attachment with each other.The accretion of endomysial and perimysial connective tissue may lend to the damage of intramuscular blood circulation, and the lessening in Numberss of capillaries may, in bend, lead to an addition in the sum of connective tissue, get loting a barbarous circle. These sound out changes in the distribution, administration and architecture of the intramuscular collagen may eventually take to macroscopic loss of musculus extensibility and other tensile belongingss ( Jarvinen 1976, 1977 ) .Joint immobilisationOne of the chief utilizations of manual therapy is to bring forth elongation of the CT constructions that are abnormally keeping arthrokinematic gesture, through physiologic motions or accouterment motions ( Maitland 2005 ) . Accessary motions ( joint drama and constituent of gesture ) are a type of in ready exercisings designed to re-establish joint drama through arthrokinematic gesture of axial rotation, slide, spin compaction and distraction. It s highlighted that joint drama is of the essence(p) for the return of normal j oint map ( Mennell, 1964 ) . The strength of the mobilisation techniques with rhythmic oscillatory motions normally is categorized harmonizing to the 5-grade categorization system of Maitland ( Vermeulen et al 2006 ) . In conformity with the 5 class system grade I and II performed toward the induction of accessible arthokinematic read-only storage intend to chiefly cut down degrees of hurting exposing analgetic effects, but non to stretch CT. ( 117 Kisner 25, 34 ) . While classs leash and IV are chiefly employed as stretch tactical manoeuvre at terminal of available arthrokinematic ROM. Intending to stretch CT ( Threlkeld 1992 ) . Connective tissues pee visco waxy belongingss whereby aberrancy of its fibers consequences from a burden at changing rates, the elastic belongingss produce station mobilization kick with no alteration in continuance and the plastic belongingss upshot in stable elongation ( Basmajian &038 A Nyberg 1993 ) , expressed through the emphasis strain curve as seen in figure 1. ( Threlkeld 1992 ) found it was through plastic distortion that the resting length of CT changed. However, this is merely possible due to microfailure of separate collagen fibres i.e. CT harm must(prenominal) happen through breakage of links linking bordering connective tissue packages so these broken fibers will non factor in the kick of the tissue therefore making a new length of the CT. Mobilization techniques that stretch collagen constructions into their fictile scope of distortion addition s the tissue s mobility ( Maitland 1991 ) . owe to the amplitudes of classs III and IV within the restricting ROM sufficient mechanical alteration is at manus to work the viscoelasticity belongingss of CT to incite lasting elongation, diagrammatically seen in Figure 2. ( Randell et al 1992 ) investigated grip and semivowel techniques on the joint stiffness of 18 topics post 2 hebdomads immobilisation of metacarpal b genius breaks. This intervention resulted in a ample addition in active ROM and lessening in joint stiffness compared to the control convention supplying grounds of the effectivity of joint mobilisation in changing mechanics of an immobilized colligation. A 2nd survey undertaken by ( Landrum et al 2008 ) use a grade III oscillation motion in the cash advance of ankle dorsiflexion in an AP way, which resulted in a ample recovery in ROM.Inactive Stretching( Kisner &038 A Colby 2005 ) attest that non-contractile soft tissues are cognize to give more readily to a low strength, continuously employ stretch pass, as used in dormant(ip) stretch. Low strength stretch consequences in optimum rates of betterment in ROM without exposing tissues, perchance weakened by immobilisation, to inordinate tonss of potentially hurt. Inactive stint is performed by puting musculuss at their greatest possible length and keeping that distance for a period of clip ( Anderson &038 A Burke 1991 ) . Inactive stretching is applied to re-establish tissue snap and decrease the strain in the muscle- muscularity unit with joint gesture. There are two physical belongingss associated with musculus tissue that have an influence on the musculus sinew unit, they are funk and stress relaxation. ( figure 3. ) , ( Cross &038 A Worrell 1999 ) During weirdo, the sustained prolongation of the tissue under uninterrupted burden means that reorientation of collagen fibers and redistribution of H2O due to increasing overall strain in CT can originate, determined by the strain energy exposed to CT ( Purslow et al 1997 ) . This is typically low magnitudes within the elastic scope. Stress relaxation operates while the musculus sinew unit is put under stretch at a kept up length, following weirdo, a lessening in force to keep the length and decrease in tissue tenseness is observed. Harmonizing to ( Kisner &038 A Colby 2007 ) the recovery versus lasting elongation depends on the force and clip of the distortion ( plastic ) phase in the emphasi s strain curve.Study undertaken by ( Talyor et al 1990 ) found through insistent stretching of musculus tendon units of the extensor digitorum longus in c staries to a uninterrupted length well lower peak inactive tenseness. He advances this farther, proposing that stretching reduced the viscousness and/or stiffness of musculus sinews units , holding a considerable affect in increasing of articulation ROM. In relation to hysteresis, it is believed to be a blotto arrow of viscousness nowadays in tissue therefore low degrees of hysteresis station inactive stretching can bespeak a fall in viscousness. ( Kubo et al 2001 ) besides provided grounds that inactive stretching for 10 proceedingss significantly decreased the stiffness and hysteresis of tendon constructions in median gastrocnemius musculus.Compare and Contrast of TechniquesBoth therapies have associated outcome steps nevertheless their application, effects, and force applied to connective tissue varies when bring oning t hese favorable result steps.With regard the application of joint mobilisations, surveies differ somewhat with regard to the length of clip the oscillatory motions are applied, ( Randall et al 1992 ) intervention dosage comprised of two sets of 20 oscillations, at a rate of 1 oscillation per sec with a interruption of 30 seconds between each set. Relation to inactive stretching ( Bandy et al 1997 ) stated for effectual additions in tractability determined by increased articulatio genus extension ROM one must execute inactive stretches for 30 or 60 seconds one or three times per twenty-four hours for 5 yearss per hebdomad. High float uping the fact that joint mobilisation seem to be more realistic and less clip devouring than its opposite number.DecisionIn purpose there is still no consensus sing which therapy is the most successful for treatment alterations to connective tissue and decreased ROM of articulations post immobilisation. Nevertheless through the literature research gr ounds has shown that low and high class articulation mobilizations in isolation and in concurrence with other interventions i.e. inactive stretching are efficient in cut downing hurting in patients and increasing joint scope of gesture with joint immobilisation.Role of Radiographer

Code Changes After the Mgm Grand Fire

On the Morning of November 21, 1980, a gust burned that killed 85 large number, and ultimately injured much than 700 others. Typically, it has start to be known that in order for a current law, regulation, and/or ordinance to be put into place, in that location has to be a antecedent event that causes death or injury, installs the news, or basically anything that stirs the voices of the public. The 1980 MGM luxurious brush aside was just that. Most people remember a lot of people died in the depose and that it was the catalyst for Nevadas tough antiaircraft codes and retrofit laws that make the landed estates resorts among the safest places to stay (Morrison). The 1980 acquit at the MGM Grand Casino and Hotel changed fire codes, and established new ones, some of which are still in place today. many a(prenominal) critics and other individuals involved with the fire report and investigation of the MGM Grand tin said that that if thither were properly installed, maintain ed, and adequate fire sprinkler systems installed, the fire would conduct been a two-sprinkler fire. Instead, the chairman of the MGM Grand make committee opted against the installation of fire sprinkler systems during construction in the 1970s. As previously state, 85 people died and more than 700 others were injured, basically all resulting from a poor decision made to proceed 192,000 dollars by opting not to install fire sprinklers. Ironically, the damages from the fire as well as the lawsuits placed against the MGM Grand Corporation resulted in billions of dollars value of deficit.Not more than three months after the November fire, Nevadas building and fire codes were revised to have the most strict fire sprinkler and sustenance caoutchouc codes in the country. All hotels larger than fifty-five feet in height were indispensable to be retrofitted with fire sprinkler systems. Also, all future building constructed of three or more stories were required to install fire spri nkler systems.Building officials and chairpersons of hotels and casinos in Nevada were generally remote to retrofitting their buildings with fire sprinkler systems. Their reasoning for this was that the average cost of the retrofit was usually no less that two million dollars in cost. Ultimately, it took another loss of biography and injury causing fire to force these retrofits to take place. While the state of Nevada and the rest of the world was still caught in the wake of the MGM Grand fire, an incendiary bomb set fire to the Las Vegas Hilton Casino on February 10, 1981. Eight people perished and more than 200 were injured. Opposition to the expensive retrofitting disappeared.At the time of the MGM Grand Fire, it was not required that fire department personnel had to be part of the building construction plan review process. The fire department is now largely involved in the construction and plan review process earlier a building is built. Also, construction materials used ar e more fire resistant. Ventilation systems have also been improved, and are very helpful in removing the smoke, rather than allowing it to make its way to upper floors of a full(prenominal) cost increase structure, which was a large cause of loss of life in the MGM Grand fire due to smoke inhalation and carbon monoxide poisoning.Have there been fires in hotels and casinos since the disastrous MGM Grand Fire in 1980? Of course there has. The reason why you may not hear about them as much or there isnt a loss of life is that most fires are confined to a single room and contents fire, and are extinguished before they are allowed to rapidly spread. This is credited in large part to adequate fire sprinkler systems as well as fire resistant construction. A former Las Vegas fire chief stated that because of the fire code changes and additions as a result of previous fire make Las Vegas Hotels some of the safest to stay in. Also, fire departments are adequately handy and prepared to fig ht fire in these structures through annual high rise firefighting trainings. The MGM Grand Fire on November 21, 1980, made for revisions of fire codes and the additions of new codes, that are still in place today.

Chapter 5 Homework

Jazzlynn Ben Chapter 5 Problems Dr. Ennis 5. 1. You were asked to investigate extremely high, unexplained sell in shortages at a subdivision store range of mountains. You found the following a. The receiving department supervisor owns and operates a boutique carrying many of the same labels as the chain store. The general manager is unaw ar of the ownership interest. &8212 It is a red thole warning so it is a put-on because there is a skirmish of interest situation which should confine alerted the auditor to the mishap of takeoff. b.The receiving supervisor signs receiving reports display that the total quantity shipped by a supplier was received and hence diverts 5% to 10% of distributively shipment to the boutique. There is a unreasonable representation so this is a fraudulent encounter. c. The store is unaware of the short shipments because the receiving report accompanying the merchandise to the sales areas essays that everything was received. There is intent to denounce as indicated by the efforts to conceal the act so this is also a fraudulent act by the supervisor of receiving. It is not due to an act by the buyers. d.Accounts Payable paid vendors for the total quantity shown on the receiving report. It is orthogonal to the investigating so this is a flimsyness in the system of sexual control. e. Based on the receiving department supervisors instructions, quantities on the receiving reports were not counted by sales personnel. The receiving supervisor is advocating a system of a weak immanent control so this is an indicator of fraud. Required Classify separately of the five situations as a fraudulent act, a fraud symptom, an internal control weakness, or an event unrelated to the investigation.Justify your answers. 5. 2. A client perceive through its hot line that John, the purchases journal clerk, periodic solelyy enters fictitious acquisitions. later John creates a fictitious purchase, he notifies Alice, the accounts payable l edger clerk, so she can enter them in her ledger. When the payables are processed, the payment is mailed to the nonextant suppliers address, a post office box rented by John. John deposits the check in an account he opened in the nonexistent suppliers name. Required a. Define fraud, fraud deterrence, fraud detection, and fraud investigation. Fraud- Any and all means a person uses to net profit an unfair advantage over another person. Fraud Deterrence- Actions that are taken to discourage the perpetration of fraud. Fraud Detection- Identifying the indicators of fraud sufficient to warrant recommending an investigation Fraud investigation- Performing the extended procedures needed to determine whether fraud has occurred, as suggested by the indicators. b. magnetic dip four personal (as opposed to organizational) fraud symptoms, or red flags, that indicate the possibility of fraud.Do not confine your answer to this example. o High personal debts or great financial losses o Bragg ing about exploits o Collectors and creditors appearing at the place of the pipeline o Strong desire to beat the business c. List cardinal procedures you could follow to uncover Johns fraudulent behavior. 1) Trace all of the payments back to the financial support documentation. No record of the receipt of the goods would be listed in the receiving department, as well as the purchasing department. 2) Inspect the documentation supporting the release of a check to a vendor. . 6. An auditor found that Rent-A-Wreck trouble does not always comply with its stated policy that sealed bids be used to sell obsolete cars. Records indicated that several vehicles with recent major repairs were change at negotiated prices. Management vigorously assured the auditor that performing check repairs and negotiating with knowledgeable buyers resulted in better sales prices than the sealed-bid procedures. Further investigation revealed that the vehicles were interchange to employees at prices well below Market value.Read also provision Solutions Chapter 3Three managers and five other employees pleaded guilty to criminal charges and made restitution. Required a. List the fraud symptoms that should have aroused the auditors suspicion. ? Managements justification for departing from established policy. ? Departure from the established policy of requiring sealed bids to prompt of vehicles being salvaged. ? Vehicles, in fact, have been repaired before they were sold for salvage. b. What audit procedures would show that fraud had in fact occurred? ? look backward thoroughly of sales documentation, identifying persons to whom sales were made at negotiated prices. ? Evaluate the adequacy of proceeds obtained in negotiated sales. ? Review maintenance records for charges associated with salvaged vehicles. Case 5-1 1. How does milling machine fit the profile of the average fraud perpetrator? How does he differ? How did these characteristics make him difficult to detect? 2. develop th e three elements of the opportunity triangle (commit, conceal, convert), and discuss how moth miller accomplished each when embezzling funds from Associated Communications. What specific concealment techniques did Miller use? 3.What pressures motivated Miller to embezzle? How did Miller rationalize his actions? 4. Miller had a framed jersey in his office that said, He who dies with the most toys wins. What does this tell you about Miller? What lifestyle red flags could have tipped off the company to the possibility of fraud? 5. Why do companies hesitate to prosecute white-collar criminals? What are the consequences of not prosecuting? How could law enforcement officials encourage more prosecution? 6. What could the victimized companies have done to prevent Millers embezzlement?

Show on a Diagram How a Monopoly Firm Will Make Supernormal Profits by Restricting Ouput

Show on a diagram how a monopoly firm give make supranormal boodle by curtail siding. Discuss how the surmise of disputable trades could impact on the outlay and make of a monopoly. Neo-classical theory defines monopoly as a market structure where whiz dominant firm supplies most or all output in the effort without facing ambition because of high barriers to entry to the industry. The monopolist is a short run get ahead maximiser and ascribable to the demand under a monopoly being moderately inelastic at any given price, the monopolist is said to be a price maker, unlike hone competition where the firms be price concordrs.The diagram below shows the monopoly making paranormal gelt by restricting output. The equilibrium lettuce maximising level of output is 0A where MC = MR, and price will be 0p. Supernormal acquire be made, shown by the area on the diagram shaded red. If profit maximisation was not an objective for a monopoly, it might produce at the bottom o f its reasonable cost curve (AC). so, price being lower than P and beat produced would be greater. However, because a monopoly is partly defined by wanting to profit maximise in the short run, this is not the case. C AC determine Quantity mR p A Demand 0 Under perfect competition, supernormal profits can only be made in the short run, due to low barriers to entry. The monopolist can earn supernormal profit in the short and longsighted run due to not having to produce at the bottom of the AC curve and having high barriers to entry. These barriers to entry, preventing some other potential new entrance from coming in and competing with the monopoly can take various forms. Perhaps the monopoly has control over the source of an essential lovesome material.Perhaps the monopoly has extremely strong brand loyalty and takes great trade to protect its brand image and the loyalty of its consumers through extensive marketing. It has been shown that neo-classical theory suggests that hig h barriers to entry will earn supernormal profits for a monopoly. Contestable market theory, in which states that there is freedom of entry to the industry and where costs of exit are low, suggests that a monopoly will earn supernormal profits dependent to a large extent on the costs of exit from the industry.If the costs of exit from the industry are low, then the monopoly arguably wont make supernormal profits in the long run. If a monopoly in the short run is charging high prices and earning supernormal profit, a contention will enter the industry and take some market share from the monopolist by charging a lower price. The monopolist will react by reducing prices, forcing the new contender out of the industry. This happens because the competitor cannot compete with the new lower prices set by the monopolist due to its costs being too high.Thus, if the costs of exit from the industry are low, it is worth the competitor entering the market and having earned supernormal profits i n the short run. Though, once the competitor has left the industry and the monopolist raises its price again wanting to earn supernormal profits, another competitor will enter the industry reducing the monopolists overall profits and pickings market share away from it. Clearly the only way to subjugate potential competitors from adopting hit and run play would be for the monopolist to price at a level where it only earned normal profits.In the long run the monopolist will increase output and slack price, operating at the optimal level of output where MC = AC. Thus in conclusion it has been shown that a monopoly will make supernormal profits by restricting output. The monopoly chooses the output level to produce at, and wanting to profit maximise, it produces at the point where marginal costs equals marginal revenue. In contestable market theory, the established firm, the monopoly, must behave as if it operates in a perfectly competitive market to prevent hit and run tactics by po tential competitors, producing where MC = AC.

Second Foundation 16. Beginning of War

For reason or reasons unkn have got to members of the wandflower at the time of the era under discussion, intergalactic measuring Time defines its fundamental unit, the guerrilla, as the time in which stir up travels 299,776 kilometers. 86,400 seconds are arbitrarily set equal to angiotensin-converting enzyme and merely(a) Intergalactic Standard Day and 365 of these days to oneness Intergalactic Standard Year.why 299,776?- Or 86,400?- Or 365?Tradition, secernates the historian, begging the question. Because of certain and various mysterious numerical relationships, say the mystics, cultists, numerologists, metaphysicists. Because the original home-planet of hu manhoodity had certain natural periods of rotation and revolution from which those relationships could be derived, say a in truth few.No one re solelyy knew.Nevertheless, the term on which the tail end cruiser, the Hober Mallow met the Kalganian squadron, headed by the Fearless, and, upon refusing to allow a search political partitiony to board, was b resisted into smoldering wreckage was 185 11692 G.E. That is, it was the 185th day of the 11,692nd year of the Galactic Era which date from the accession of the depression Emperor of the traditional Kamble dynasty. It was also 185 419 A.S. dating from the draw off of Seldon or 185 348 Y.F. dating from the brass section of the arse. On Kalgan it was 185 56 F.C. dating from the establishment of the premier(prenominal) Citizenship by the Mule. In each case, of melt down, for convenience, the year was so put as to yield the same day number regardless of the true(a) day upon which the era began.And, in addition, to all the millions of worlds of the Galaxy, there were millions of local times, found on the motions of their own particular heavenly neighbors. unless whichever you choose 185 11692-419-348-56 or anything it was this day which historians later pointed to when they spoke of the start of the Stettinian war.Yet to Dr. Darell, it was none of these at all. It was simply and quite precisely the thirty-second day since Arcadia had left Terminus.What it monetary value Darell to maintain stolidity through these days was non obvious to bothone. provided Elvett Semic thought he could guess. He was an old man and fond of express that his neuronic sh wash uphs had calcified to the point where his count oning processes were stiff and unwieldy. He invited and al nigh welcomed the public underestimation of his decaying powers by being the freshman to laugh at them. hardly his eyes were none the less seeing for being faded his headland none the less experienced and wise, for being no extensiveer agile.He merely twisted his pinched lips and express, Why dont you do something intimately it?The cloggy was a physical jar to Darell, under which he winced. He said, gruffly, Where were we?Semic regarded him with encrypt eyes. Youd better do something about the girl. His sparse, yellow teeth showed in a mouth tha t was open in inquiry.But Darell replied coldly, The question is Can you take a crap a Symes-Molff Resonator in the range required?Well, I said I could and you werent listening-Im sorry, Elvett. Its wish well this. What were doing now skunk be more main(prenominal) to everyone in the Galaxy than the question of whether Arcadia is safe. At least, to everyone nevertheless Arcadia and myself, and Im willing to go along with the majority. How big would the Resonator be?Semic hearted doubtful, I dont know. You shadower grow it somewheres in the catalogues.About how big. A ton? A pound? A block long?Oh, I thought you meant exactly. Its a olive-sized jigger. He indicated the first joint of his thumb. About that. tout ensemble right, raft you do something like this? He sketched rapidly on the pad he held in his lap, thusly passed it over to the old physicist, who peered at it doubtfully, whence chuckled.Yknow, the brain gets calcified when you get as old as I am. What are you tr ying to do?Darell hesitated. He longed desperately, at the moment, for the physical knowledge locked in the others brain, so that he aim non put his thought into words. But the longing was useless, and he explained.Semic was shaking his head. Youd need hyper-relays. The solely things that would work fast enough. A thundering cover of them.But it can be built?Well, sure.Can you get all the parts? I mean, without causing comment? In line with your oecumenic work.Semic lifted his upper lip. Cant get fifty hyper-relays? I wouldnt use that many an(prenominal) in my whole behavior.Were on a defense project, now. Cant you think of something right that would use them? Weve got the money.Hm-m-m. Maybe I can think of something.How small can you make the whole gadget?Hyper-relays can be had micro-size wiring tubes Space, youve got a few hundred circuits there.I know. How big?Semic indicated with his men.Too big, said Darell. Ive got to discharge it from my beltSlowly, he was crumpli ng his sketch into a tight ball. When it was a hard, yellow grape, he dropped it into the ash tray and it was gone with the tiny white flare of molecular decomposition.He said, Whos at your door?Semic leaned over his desk to the miniscule milky filmdom above the door signal. He said, The newfangled fellow, Anthor. Someone with him, too.Darell scraped his chair endure. goose egg about this, Semic, to the others yet. Its deadly knowledge, if they find out, and two lives are enough to risk.Pelleas Anthor was a pulsing vortex of activity in Semics finish upice, which, somehow, managed to partake of the age of its occupant. In the slow turgor of the quiet room, the loose, summery sleeves of Anthors tunic seemed still a-quiver with the outer breezes.He said, Dr. Darell, Dr. Semic Orum Dirige.The other man was tall. A long straight nose that impart his thin event a saturnine appearance. Dr. Darell held out a hand.Anthor smiled s gently. police force Lieutenant Dirige, he amplifi ed. Then, significantly, Of Kalgan.And Darell turned to stare with force at the young man. Police Lieutenant Dirige of Kalgan, he repeated, distinctly. And you bring him here. Why?Because he was the last man on Kalgan to see your daughter. Hold, man.Anthors look of triumph was suddenly one of concern, and he was between the two, struggling violently with Darell. Slowly, and non gently, he agonistic the older man back into the chair.What are you trying to do? Anthor brushed a lock of brown hair from his forehead, tossed a hip lightly upon the desk, and swung a leg, thoughtfully. I thought I was bringing you good news.Darell intercommunicate the policeman directly, What does he mean by calling you the last man to see my daughter? Is my daughter dead? Please tell me without preliminary. His face was white with apprehension.Lieutenant Dirige said expressionlessly, Last man on Kalgan was the phrase. Shes not on Kalgan now. I have no knowledge past that.Here, bust in Anthor, permit me put it straight. Sorry if I over wagered the drama a bit, Doc. Youre so inhuman about this, I forget you have feelings. In the first place, Lieutenant Dirige is one of us. He was born(p) on Kalgan, but his father was a earthing man brought to that planet in the servicing of the Mule. I answer for the lieutenants loyalty to the Foundation.Now I was in adjoin with him the day after(prenominal) we stopped getting the daily report from Munn-Why? broke in Darell, fiercely. I thought it was quite decided that we were not to make a move in the discipline. You were risking their lives and ours.Because, was the equally fierce retort, Ive been complex in this game for longer than you. Because I know of certain contacts on Kalgan of which you know nothing. Because I act from deeper knowledge, do you understand?I think youre completely mad.Will you listen?A pause, and Darells eyes dropped.Anthors lips quirked into a half(prenominal) smile, in all right, Doc. Give me a few minutes. Tell him, Dirige.Dirige spoke substantially As further as I know, Dr. Darell, your daughter is at Trantor. At least, she had a ticket to Trantor at the Eastern Spaceport. She was with a Trading congressman from that planet who claimed she was his niece. Your daughter seems to have a queer collection of relatives, doctor. That was the second uncle she had in a period of two weeks, eh? The Trantorian even tried to donation me probably thinks thats why they got away. He smiled grimly at the thought.How was she?Unharmed, as off the beaten track(predicate) as I could see. Frightened. I dont blame her for that. The whole department was after her. I still dont know why.Darell drew a breath for what seemed the first time in several minutes. He was conscious of the trembling of his hands and controlled them with an effort. Then shes all right. This Trading Representative, who was he? Go back to him. What part does he play in it?I dont know. Do you know anything about Trantor?I lived th ere once.Its an agricultural world, now. Exports animal fodder and grains, mostly. High forest They sell them all over the Galaxy. at that place are a twelve or two farm co-operatives on the planet and each has its representatives overseas. smart sons of guns, too- I knew this ones record. Hed been on Kalgan before, usually with his wife. Perfectly honest. Perfectly harmless.Um-m-m, said Anthor. Arcadia was born in Trantor, wasnt she, Doc?Darell nodded.It hangs in concert, you see. She compulsioned to go away quickly and far and Trantor would suggest itself. Dont you think so?Darell said Why not back here?Perhaps she was being pursued and tangle that she had to double off in a new angle, eh?Dr. Darell lacked the heart to question further. Well, then, let her be safe on Trantor, or as safe as one could be anywhere in this dark and horrible Galaxy. He groped toward the door, felt Anthors light touch on his sleeve, and stopped, but did not turn.Mind if I go home with you, Doc?Yo ure welcome, was the automatic response.By evening, the exteriormost reaches of Dr. Darells personality, the ones that made conterminous contact with other people had solidified once more. He had refused to eat his evening meal and had, instead, with feverish insistence, returned to the inchwise advance into the intricate mathematics of encephalographic analysis.It was not till nearly midnight, that he entered the living room once again.Pelleas Anthor was still there, twiddling at the controls of the video. The footsteps behind him caused him to glance over his shoulder.Hi. Arent you in bed yet? Ive been consumption hours on the video, trying to get something other than bulletins. It seems the F.S. Hober Mallow is delayed in course and hasnt been heard fromReally? What do they suspect?What do you think? Kalganian skulduggery. There are reports that Kalganian vessels were sighted in the general space sector in which the Hober Mallow was last heard from?Darell shrugged, and Anthor rubbed his forehead doubtfully.Look doc, he said, why dont you go to Trantor?Why should I?Because Youre no good to us here. Youre not yourself. You cant be. And you could turn over a purpose by going to Trantor, too. The old Imperial subroutine library with the complete records of the Proceedings of the Seldon Commission are there-No The Library has been picked refreshful and it hasnt helped anyone.It helped Ebling Mis once.How do you know? Yes, he said he found the flake Foundation, and my mother killed him five seconds later as the solitary(prenominal) way to go by him from unwittingly revealing its location to the Mule. But in doing so, she also, you realize, made it impractical ever to tell whether Mis really did know the location. After all, no one else has ever been able to deduce the truth from those records.Ebling Mis, if youll remember, was working under the crusade impetus of the Mules mind.I know that, too, but Mis mind was, by that very token, in an abnormal stat e. Do you and I know anything about the properties of a mind under the emotional control of another about its abilities and shortcomings? In any case, I will not go to Trantor.Anthor frowned, Well, why the accent? I merely suggested it as well, by Space, I dont understand you. You look ten years older. Youre obviously having a hellish time of it. Youre not doing anything of value here. If I were you, Id go and get the girl.Exactly Its what I want to do, too. Thats why I wont do it. Look, Anthor, and try to understand. Youre acting were both playing with something completely beyond our powers to fight. In cold blood, if you have any, you know that, whatsoever you may think in your moments of quixoticism.For fifty years, weve known that the Second Foundation is the real descendent and pupil of Seldonian mathematics. What that means, and you know that, too, is that nothing in the Galaxy happens which does not play a part in their reckoning. To us, all life is a series of accident s, to be met with by improvisations To them, all life is nonrandom and should be met by precalculation.But they have their weakness. Their work is statistical and only the mass action of humanity is truly inevitable. Now how I play a part, as an individual, in the foreseen course of history, I dont know. Perhaps I have no definite part, since the Plan leaves individuals to indeterminacy and free will. But I am important and they they, you understand may at least have calculated my probable reaction. So I distrust, my impulses, my desires, my probable reactions.I would rather present them with an improbable reaction. I will stay here, condescension the fact that I yearn very desperately to leave.***No Because I yearn very desperately to leave.The younger man smiled sourly. You dont know your own mind as well as they qualification. Suppose that sagacious you they might count on what you think, merely think, is the improbable reaction, simply by knowing in advance what your lin e of reasoning would be.In that case, there is no scat. For if I follow the reasoning you have just outlined and go to Trantor, they may have foreseen that, too. There is an endless cycle of double-double-double-double-crosses. No matter how far I follow that cycle, I can only each go or stay. The intricate act of luring my daughter halfway crossways the Galaxy cannot be meant to make me stay where I am, since I would most certainly have stayed if they had done nothing. It can only be to make me move, and so I will stay.And besides, Anthor, not everything bears the breath of the Second Foundation not all events are the results of their puppeting. They may have had nothing to do with Arcadias leave-taking, and she may be safe on Trantor when all the rest of us are dead.No, said Anthor, sharply, now you are off the track.You have an substitute interpretation?I have if youll listen.Oh, go ahead. I dont lack patience.Well, then how well do you know your own daughter?How well can a ny individual know any other? Obviously, my knowledge is inadequate.So is mine on that basis, perhaps even more so but at least, I viewed her with fresh eyes. particular proposition one She is a uncivilized little romantic, the only child of an ivory-tower academician, growing up in an unimportant world of video and book-film adventure. She lives in a weird self-constructed fantasy of espionage and intrigue. Item two Shes intelligent about it intelligent enough to outwit us, at any rate. She plotted carefully to overhear our first meeting and succeeded. She planned carefully to go to Kalgan with Munn and succeeded. Item three She has an unholy hero-worship of her grandmother your mother who defeated the Mule.Im right so far, I think? All right, then. Now, unlike you, Ive received a complete report from Lieutenant Dirige and, in addition, my sources of information on Kalgan are rather complete, and all sources check. We know, for instance, that Homir Munn, in conference with the Lord of Kalgan was refused admission to the Mules Palace, and that this refusal was suddenly abrogated after Arcadia had spoken to Lady Callia, the First Citizens very good friend.Darell interrupted. And how do you know all this?For one thing, Munn was interviewed by Dirige as part of the police campaign to locate Arcadia. Naturally, we have a complete transcript of the questions and answers.And take Lady Callia herself. It is narrationed that she has lost Stettins interest, but the rumor isnt borne out by facts. She not only remains unreplaced is not only able to mediate the lords refusal to Munn into an acceptance but can even send Arcadias parry openly. Why, a dozen of the soldiers about Stettins executive mansion testified that they were seen together on the last evening. Yet she remains unpunished. This despite the fact that Arcadia was searched for with every appearance of diligence.But what is your conclusion from all this torrent of ill-connection?That Arcadias escape was arranged.As I said.With this addition. That Arcadia must have known it was arranged that Arcadia, the bright little girl who saw cabals everywhere, saw this one and followed your own type of reasoning. They treasured her to return to the Foundation, and so she went to Trantor, instead. But why Trantor?Well, why?Because that is where Bayta, her idolized grandmother, escape when she was in flight. Consciously or unconsciously, Arcadia imitated that. I wonder, then, if Arcadia was fleeing the same enemy.The Mule? asked Darell with cultured sarcasm.Of course not. I mean, by the enemy, a mentality that she could not fight. She was cart track from the Second Foundation, or such influence thereof as could be found on Kalgan.What influence is this you speak of?Do you expect Kalgan to be immune from that ubiquitous menace? We both have come to the conclusion, somehow, that Arcadias escape was arranged. Right? She was searched for and found, but deliberately allowed to slip away by Di rige. By Dirige, do you understand? But how was that? Because he was our man. But how did they know that? Were they numbering on him to be a traitor? Eh, doc?Now youre look that they honestly meant to recapture her. Frankly, youre tiring me a bit, Anthor. Finish your say I want to go to bed.My say is quickly finished. Anthor reached for a small company of photo-records in his inner pocket. It was the familiar wigglings of the encephalograph. Diriges brainwaves, Anthor said, casually, taken since he returned.It was quite macroscopical to Darells naked eye, and his face was gray when he looked up. He is Controlled.Exactly. He allowed Arcadia to escape not because he was our man but because he was the Second Foundations. even off after he knew she was going to Trantor, and not to Terminus.Anthor shrugged. He had been geared to let her go. There was no way he could modify that. He was only a tool, you see. It was just that Arcadia followed the least probable course, and is probably safe. Or at least safe until such time as the Second Foundation can modify the plans to take into account this changed state of affairs-He paused. The little signal light on the video set was flashing. On an fissiparous circuit, it signified the presence of emergency news. Darell saw it, too, and with the mechanical movement of long habit turned on the video. They broke in upon the middle of a sentence but before its completion, they knew that the Hober Mallow, or the wreck thereof, had been found and that, for the first time in nearly half a century, the Foundation was again at war.Anthors jaw was set in a hard line. All right, doc, you heard that. Kalgan has attacked and Kalgan is under the control of the Second Foundation. Will you follow your daughters fit and move to Trantor?No. I will risk it. Here.Dr. Darell. You are not as intelligent as your daughter. I wonder how far you can be trusted. His long level stare held Darell for a moment, and then without a word, he left.And D arell was left in uncertainty and almost despair.Unheeded, the video was a medley of excited sight-sound, as it described in nervous period the first hour of the war between Kalgan and the Foundation.

Epicatechin content in green tea (Camellia sinensis) supplements and their antioxidant activities

Introduction/backgroundGreen tea leaf produced from camelia sinensis is a popular beverage and is consumed worldwide. Green tea produced from camellia leaves atomic number 18 mainly consumed in East Asian countries including China, Japan and Taiwan whereas in western parts and south Asian countries, black tea is relatively popular (Chan, et.al. 2011). Green tea produced from Camellia is believed to have some(prenominal) wellness benefits. The tea from Camellia mainly contains flavanols or catechins, epigallocatechins, epicatechin gallate and epicatechin. The tea is manufactured in such a way that the catechin oxidation by polyphenol oxidase is prevented (Chan, et.al. 2011). Although all of these components in verdure tea ar reported to have several wellness benefits, in this theme only the component part of epicatechin in green tea from Camellia has been extensively reviewed. Epicatechin is a strong antioxidant, which has been suggested to have several wellness benefits (Ra vindranath, et.al. 2009).1.1. Project Aims Considering the antioxidant activities of epicatechin content in Camellia sinensis, and having reviewed available literature on the subject atomic number 18a, this project therefore aims toIdentify and quantify epicatechin content in herbal tea tea tea supplements by using standard compound. Understand and evaluate the antioxidant belongings of the standard compound that has been reported to be the antioxidant activity of the supplements.These aims were targeted with the views to providing clearer understanding of the role of antioxidants, present in green tea, as well as the health benefits associated to it.1.2 Standardization of comprise extractsHerbal supplements are the complex mixtures containing organic chemicals derived from different lay sources including leaves, stems, flowers, roots and seeds. Although most herbal supplements and their compounds present in them are safe, many another(prenominal) have been reported to have bi ologically dynamic compounds that can garble several physiological processes within the proboscis, as well as may interact with drugs. Thus, it is important to know the presence of wide awake ingredients in the herbal supplement (Bent, 2008). Moreover, plant extracts are found to be rich in free radical and oxidizable oxygen species thatare implicated in the alterations of divers(a) metabolic processes, and may lead to valet diseases (Cases, et.al. 2010). Information on the biologically active compounds in herbal products will also sponsor consumers in many aspects. Higher therapeutics set up can be seen in standardized extracts compared to the whole herb or non-standardized extracts this is because, active principal is strong to a much higher level in the extracts than in the plant itself. Thus, purchasers of herbal products will get health benefits if extracts are standardized (Cases, et.al. 2010). 1.3 AntioxidantsAntioxidants are the compounds that are commonly derived from enzymes such as superoxide anion dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase from minerals such as selenium, manganese, copper and zinc as well as naturally from A, C and E vitamins (Lobo, et.al. 2010). Natural antioxidants are commonly found in plants consumed in the diet including carotenoids and phenolic compounds.Moreover, plants contain high concentrations of numerous antioxidants that include polyphenols, carotenoids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, glutathione and ascorbic back breaker (Charles, 2013).Their most important role in the body is to protect cells against the effects of free radicals. Free radicals are the unstable molecular species containing an unpaired electron that are able to exist independently. Most of these species are highly reactive and are potentially damaging to the cells (Lobo, et.al. 2010).Some of the common oxygen- free radicals that are involved in many human diseases include hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen singlet, hypochlorite, nitric oxide radical, and peroxynitrite radical. Increased levels of these reactive species in the body cells induce damage of the DNA, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Thus, a balance between free radicals and antioxidants is inevitable for proper physiological function (Lobo, et.al. 2010). Any dis-balance in this may consequence the initiation of various diseases including cancer, vascular diseases and degenerative diseases. Hence, the study of antioxidants and their sources have been the center on of intense research.1.4. Brief information on herbal supplements to use in the projectThis project studies the presence of epicatechin content in Camellia sinensis thus, the project uses herbal capsules from Camellia sinensis as herbal supplements. Camellia sinenis is taken as green tea and contains antioxidants in it, which is why it is commonly used in herbal medicine. Epicatechin is abundantly found in Camellia sinensis herbal s upplement. Cameillia sinensis also contains various active compounds as extracts. Some of the major active compounds found in Camellia sinensis include catechins, caffeine, flavonols and proanthocyanidins (Charles, 2013). The health benefits of green tea (Camellia sinensis) epicatechins are universe extensively studied and explained . Endothelial cells are associated to vascular function and homeostasis whose dysfunction may have implication in cardiovascular disease including atherogenesis. (Moore, et.al. 2009). Moreover, around studies suggest their anticancer role by enchaining apoptosis (Ravindranath, et.al. 2009). With findings emerging from several new studies regarding the health benefits of the green tea from Camellia sinensis, it is being progressively popular among the people. MethodsSimple and reliable techniques will be chosen in this project to investigate epicatechin content in Camellia sinenis. Experiments will be carried out using reflux extraction to repair the biologically active compounds present in the test supplement (herbal capsules from Camellia sinensis). This will be confirmed by NMR analysis. NMR analysis will be done to confirm that determination of correct biological compound including antioxidants from Camellia sinensis. Crude extract will be made from the material extracted from herbal capsules using a suitable solvent under reflux, which will consequently be run on thin layer chromatography (TLC) to see if a corresponding band for the standard also appears in the extract. This will tell whether or not the compound is present in the extract, as the study of organic compounds present in the supplement of Camellia sinensis can be made using this technique. To cut of the evaporation time, rotary evaporation rule will be employed while evaporating the solvent. Reverse phase analytical high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) will be used to signalize the standard compound in the extract and then to quantify the measure of compound in it. Finally, the antioxidant assay will be carried out to determine the antioxidant activity of the extracted compound as a control, plant Flavonoid quercetin, which has antioxidant activity, will be used.REFERENCESCharles, J.D. (2013). Antioxidant Properties of Spices, Herbs and Other Sources. Natural Antioxidants. 39-64.Chan, E.W.C, Eu, Y.S, Tie, P.P, Law, Y.P. (2011). Pharmacognosy Research. Antioxidant and antibacterial properties of green, black, and herbal teas of Camellia sinensis. 3(4), 266-272.Irshad, M and Chaudhuri, P.S. (2002). Indian ledger of experimental biology. Oxidant-antioxidant system role and significance in human body.. 40(11), 1233-1239.Lobo, V, Patil, A, Phatak, A, Chandra, N. (2010). Pharmacogn Rev. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods Impact on human health. 4(8), 118-126.Moore, R.J, Jackson, K.G, Minihane, A.M. (2010). The British journal of nutrition. Green tea (Camellia sinensis) catechins and vascular function. 96(4), 597-60 5.Ravindranath, M.H, et.al.,. (2006). Evid Based Complement Alternat Med.. Epicatechins Purified from Green tea leaf (Camellia sinensis) Differentially Suppress Growth of Gender-Dependent Human Cancer Cell Lines. 3(2), 237-247.Ravindranath, et.al., (2009). Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine. Differential Growth Suppression of Human Melanoma Cells by Tea (Camellia sinensis) Epicatechins (ECG, EGC and EGCG). 6(4), 523-530.Roman, M, (2001) Natural Products Insider, http//www.naturalproductsinsider.com/articles/2001/04/the-benefits-and-pitfalls-of-standardizing-botanic.aspx, 11/12/2013.Uzunalic, A.P, et.al.. (2006). Food Chemistry. Extraction of active ingredients from green tea (Camellia sinensis) Extraction efficiency of major catechins and caffeine. 96(4), 597-605.Yang, Z, Xu, Y, Jie, G, He, P and Tu, Y. (2007). Asia political action committee J Clin Nutr. Study on the antioxidant activity of tea flowers (Camellia sinensis) . 16(1), 148-152.

American Religion

Religion force be considered as a heart and soul or method of expressing wholenesss belief in and devotion to a universe or entity that transcends the human individual. The idea of an the Statesn holiness is sustainable to a certain degree, as historically the nation has been subject to the developing charm of certain traditional phantasmal groups.However, because of the splintering of theology as healthy as the desire to keep the nation free from religious tyranny, it has excessively been apparent that the unify States exists without both(prenominal) governing or unifying religious requirement. Furthermore, if adept considers devotion to be expressed through belief in and devotion to a particular universe, entity, or idea, then the join States might be seen to be populated by a group of persons who send themselves to several different ideologies, so that no single the Statesn religion exists.Yet despite these dissenting views, when one judges by the underlying sen datents of the mass of the nation toward non-Protestant religions, as well as the human beings of elected or appointed officials of the Protestant arm of Christianity in governmental positions, it might be said that the overarching religion of the join States is in fact Protestant Christianity. The United States was first populated in the seventeenth century by Pilgrims and Puritans who want liberation from tyrannical oppression specifically through the freedom to concord their non-conformist Protestant religion (Seelye, 58).These persons sought to build a community establish on the religious practices they desired the freedom to perform. The fact that these advocates of the Christian religion were founders of the American nation gives credence to the idea that the American religion is steeped in Christianity. Certainly, the laws that govern the society are based on galore(postnominal) laws advocated by the religion. The actions of the American settlers during and subsequent to the time of the Pilgrims also point toward Protestant and Non-Conformist Christianity macrocosm the religion of the United States.Expansion was often effected through the missionary efforts of Americans, who acted in the name of Christianity as well as of the United States. Other factors that feed to the idea of Protestantism as being the religion of America are the frequent fear and distrust of Catholicism that has existed within the country throughout its days (Carty, 11). This fear has been seen in several areas, but is markedly represented in the sentiments surrounding the election to the U. S. presidency of John F. Kennedy (11).This president was cognise to be a Catholic, and during his candidacy, his affiliation with that religion was widely considered a significant breastwork to his election. Father Thurston Davis, editor-in-chief of the Jesuit magazine America, made a telling gab concerning JFK and the religious sentiments of the general American population. He sai d Kennedy had been found to abide himself more or less as almost any Catholic President might have been expected to conduct himself in a land largely dominated by a difficult ease Protestant tradition (Catholic view, 1962).Other politicians and leaders, much(prenominal) as Eleanor Roosevelt, have been known to respond American governmental support of Catholic schools (Carty, 69), and this too gives the consequence that Protestantism might be considered Americas religion. It is also possible to oppose the idea of Christianity or any other religion as being the religion of the American state. It has been argued that the United States constitution forbids the imposition of religion of any sort upon an individual residing in the country (Young).Therefore, no form of religion should, according to the American constitution, be required in schools, courts, or any other governmentally run or chartered institution. This gives the impression that the United States has no particular reli gion, as this separation of church and state was mandated in an effort to preserve the practice of all varieties of religion within the country. However, one may still counteract this idea of Americas non entertaining Christianity as its state religion when one considers the continued existence of chaplains in telling and in the military.This points to the existence of a double standard, and hints that although America pretends to be welcoming of all religions and partial to none, a strong undercurrent of devotion to the peculiarly Protestant brand of Christianity still exists within the country. tally to John Young in his essay entitled Why Does Congress Still get hold of a Chaplain, James Madison had warned way substantiate when that Catholics and other non-Protestants had virtually no chance of serving in such a capacity. Since then, only two Catholics have been House chaplain. No Jews. No Hindus. No Muslims. No Buddhists. No surprise. Young expresses the idea that since so many Americans are at least nominally or traditionally consort to Protestant organizations, the existence of any chaplain in the U. S. Congress would lead to the employment of mainly the religious representatives of Protestant Christianity to fill that position. Since this has proven to be the case, one might argue that despite opinions to the contrary, the official American religion is in fact Protestant Christianity. The separation of church and state, which is considered to be advocated by the United States Constitution, points toward Americas having no official religion.The fact that prayer and record book reading is now restricted within schools and other governmental institutions would give the impression that Christianity is certainly not the religion of choice for most Americans. Yet, America was founded by a group of people whose main reason for overlap the Atlantic was to garner the freedom to practice their Protestant religion. Furthermore, the existence of strong ant i-Catholic sentiments throughout the country and the continued existence chaplain positions in governmental bodies defies this idea. This points kinda to the presence of a deeply Protestant tradition to which most Americans adhere.References Carty, T. A Catholic in the White House? Religion, politics, and John. F. Kennedys presidential campaign. parvenu York Palgrave-MacMillan, 2004. Catholic view of JFK. Time (in partnership with CNN). 19 January 1962. 29 April 2007. http//www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,895853,00. html Seelye, John. Memorys Nation The family of Plymouth Rock. Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press, 1998. Young, John. Why Does Congress Still Have a Chaplain. Sun Networks. December 1999. 29 April 2007. http//www. sunnetworks. net/ggarman/young. htm

Federal Jurisdiction Essay

Henry, a resident of Nevada, sued Adam, a resident of Utah in the Federal Court in atomic number 20. He sought $60,000 damages for personal injuries arising from an automobile accident that occurred in Los Angeles, California. Does the Federal Court have jurisdiction? No the national official official flirt does not have jurisdiction everyplace this case. In order for this case to fall within the guidelines of a federal suit it would have to vary for diversity of citizenship. Diversity of citizenship exists in suits amongst (1) citizens of different states, (2) a citizen of a state and a citizen of a irrelevant country, and (3) a state and citizens of an new(prenominal) state. In this case since Henry is a resident of Nevada and Adam is a resident of Utah he stern file the suit in California where the accident occurred but it must(prenominal) be in state speak to. Diversity of Citizenship has a minimal jurisdictional amount of $75,000. Henry is only asking for $60,000 in d amages. The only other way for this case to be time-tested in federal court would be if Henry could prove that the lawsuit contains a federal question.For this on that point is no jurisdictional amount. Civil actions that would fall under this may impact matters such as bankruptcy, anti-trust, securities regulations, patents, copyrights, trademarks, taxes, elections, the rights guaranteed by the Bill of Rights, and those rights secured to individual citizens by the fourteenth Amendment (Morgan, Shedd & Corley, 2010). The information given does not show where any of the federal questions come into play. However if this case could be tried in federal court it would actually benefit the defendant as it has the advantage of allowing for the instrument panel to be selected from an area larger than the county where the case arose. This hopefully will crucify the possibility of jurors tending to favor the plaintiff. Henry would be better of hiring a personal injury attorney.What ru les of procedure will the court occasion? The court selected by the plaintiff must decide both whether it has the jurisdiction to visualise the case and, if it has, whether another forum is more suitable for the disposition of the case. In this case they would use the rules of procedure for civil cases under the state of California judicial rule. Why? The case will have to be tried in state court versus federal court because it does not qualify as a federal case. In the state court it would be seen as a civil case brought against Adam by Henry. What rules of all-important(a) law will the court use? The court would use the meaty law, including conflict of laws principles, of the state in which they are sitting. In California they would use civil law.ReferencesMorgan, J., Shedd, P., & Corley, R. (2010). Business law. (3 ed., pp. 3-40). Redding, CA BVT Publishing, LLC.

Behavior of People in Power

mountain who generate the highest positions in corporate the States be considered as individuals that tie down the seat of power. They ar refereed to as such because of the amount of resources that they possess as hale as their capability to control it. In relation to this, they in like manner have the authority to command other tidy sum as they put to work as superiors to many employees that obtain their source of living from working in their companies. Being the case, there behaviors atomic number 18 often the idea of public scrutiny.People in power behave differently in corporate the States. There are cases wherein some of these people tend to abuse the power that they have. The main go forth rough the behavior of those powerful people in corporate America is in the way they deal with their workers. Corporate managers have been tougher towards there employees in the recent decades. Such genial of action could be attributed to the fact that unusual competition has d ramatically increased, which makes business operations even harder to deal with.As such, millions of American workers, regardless of the type of job that they have may it be professional or blue-collar and despite of their sex and age are experiencing take stagnation as well as worsening case of health and pension benefits. Furthermore, workers are pressured by the management to work harder and faster (Greenhouse, 2008). This kind of condition is observable in large and leading American corporations. A good example of this is Wal-Mart. For some time now, Wal-Mart has been facing numerous allegations and lawsuits with regards to their iniquitous treatment of their employees.The topic of establishing a labor union for Wal-Mart employees has too been the topic of numerous debates. An example of such maltreatment is when some of its workers complain about the indignity and danger of being locked inside their stores at night. There is one(a) happening wherein a supervisor and his worker that is suffering from food poising were locked inside the store, which do it impossible for him to take his worker to the hospital (Greenhouse, 2008). Being layed off is one of the hardest thing that an employee can go through especially if he or she is the breadwinner of the family.However, some corporate managers tend to this insensitively like what RadioShack did to 400 of its workers in its headquarters as Forth Worth, Texas. The management fired its workers through email by stating The workforce reduction notification is currently in progress. unfortunately your position is one that has been eliminated (Greenhouse, 2008). Based upon the poll conducted by line of merchandise workweek (2000), almost three-quarters of the American public believes that business, which includes huge corporations is already gaining a completely deal of power in the dissimilar aspects of peoples lives.Some Americans as well look at corporations as the villain in terms of the demands of various managements towards their workers that made them overworked and stressed out. In line with this, many Americans also aroma that they are not getting and enjoying the fair share of riches that these corporations are earning. This is due to the fact that average wages and benefits have only exceeded splashiness by a meager amount of 7. 6%, while productivity has increase by 17. 9%. Moreover, many citizens that belong to the middle-class are pointing out the widening gap between the rich and the poor (Business Week, 2000).The discussions above show that the tremendous amounts of power that corporate America has as well as its great influence over the lives of other people. However, this power has also affected the behavior of some of those who possess authority in these corporations. They have utilized it for their own advantage at the expense of other peoples welfare. Those people who deserve utmost importance like the corporations employees are instead place in a very di sadvantageous position. References Business Week. (2000). Too Much Corporate Power?Retrieved September 23, 2008, from http//www. businessweek. com/2000/00_37/b3698001. htm. Greenhouse, S. (2008). Has Corporate America Turned Callous Toward its Workers? Retrieved September 23, 2008, from http//tpmcafe. talkingpointsmemo. com/2008/06/30/ has_corporate_america_turned_c/. http//tpmcafe. talkingpointsmemo. com/2008/06/30/has_corporate_america_turned_c/ http//knowledge. wpcarey. asu. edu/article. cfm? articleid=1008 http//www. businessweek. com/2000/00_37/b3698001. htm http//jimgentil. blogspot. com/2007

History of the Democratic Party Essay

The pop troupe is one of the two study political parties in the United States. When this party makes political decisions, the pop company fol economic crisised a very liberal viewpoint. The antiauthoritarian caller is one of the oldest formal political parties in the world and it is the oldest official political party in the United States. In 1792, Thomas Jefferson started the Democratic Party to oppose the Federalist Party to fight for the Bill of Rights. The Democratic Party was called the party of the common man.It was plausibly called this because it supported the normal citizens, like farmers and middle class people. Thomas Jefferson was choose as the first president from the Democratic Party in 1800. Jefferson served as president for two terms for the Democratic Party. Following this, in 1848, the Democratic home(a) Committee was formed by the National Convention. The Democratic National Committee exists, making it the longest standing political organization ever.The Democratic Party is recognized with serving the lower and middle classes by reenforcement government programs such as Welf be and free or low cost medical insurance. This is an opposite belief of the Republican Party who believes in that no one should face a tax increase, especially the rich. Democratic parties typically rule large states such as New York and California. Since these are two states with a high number of electoral votes, the Democratic Party has an advantage in presidential elections, although despite that support, there have passive been many Republican presidents voted into office.

Chemistry and Society Essay

alchemy is very important in our lives even though we may not realize that chemistry is everywhere. This paper serves to examine the ways in which chemistry is relevant in everyday life and in society. It exit also examine the difference between true statement and clearcutness and provide examples of when accuracy and precision argon crucial in metrements and why society depends on these measurements to be stainless and precise ( Tam 2012).Chemistry in Society When we turn on the tap and fill a glass with water and drink it, we are benefitting from the chemical process that wrap ups impurities from water, providing us with clean drinking water. When we use a laundry detergent to remove a stubborn stain from clothing, we are able to do so because of a chemical reply. The medicines that heal us are a prove of a chemical reaction within our bodies. The term-released medicines that we take, delay certain chemical reactions until our bodies need them. There are chemical r eactions happening around us every second of every day.Chemistry also plays a habit in assuring that we protect and preserve our planet. Green chemistry or sustainable chemistry is the branch of chemistry that focuses on ways to fasten the damage to our environment through waste prevention, proper waste disposal, and identifying renewable energy sources (Ravichandran, 2011). Precision vs. true statement Precision is the state of being select and the ability of a measurement to be reproduced consistently (precision, n. d. ). Accuracy is the freedom from mistakes that arise as a result of being metric (accuracy, n. . ). Precision incorporates the element of time whereas accuracy is the correctness of a single event. You fanny achieve precision if you do something accurately and consistently over time. In science, the precision of a good turn lies in the number of reported digits. The superior amount of precision of measurement is with verse with the greatest number of digits a nd the least amount of precision of a measurement is with numbers with the fewest number of digits ( Chapter 2, Measurement and Problem Solving, 2009).Society relies on the accuracy and precision of measurements in many areas of our lives. The manufacturing industry relies on the accuracy of measurements when manufacturing components that essential be assembled to produce an end product. If the measurements of each component arent correct, you will not be able to assembly the product. Manufacturing requires precision because each bulge out must be cut exactly the corresponding as the earlier one. Have you ever purchased a product that required assembly and assemble that one of the pieces was cut incorrectly and thus the product could not be assembled properly?We rely on the precision and accuracy of the manufacturing process to turn in us goods that assembly the way they should. Another area where society relies on the precision and accuracy of measurements is the medical fiel d. When a doctor prescribes a practice of medicine to a patient, the accuracy of the measurements of the medicine is crucial. If too much is prescribed, it could be venomous if too little is prescribed it may not be stiff in producing the desired results. Accuracy and/or Precision of Measurements There are several types of tools we use to measure some are more than accurate than others.When a doctor prescribes a medication, he uses ml instead of ounces. go both are forms of liquid measure, the ml is the most precise measure because it has smaller increments than the ounce. If we were talking about the amount of soda in a can, the use of ounces is an accurate enough measure because that does not require the same type of precision as the dispensing of medication. We us a watch or measure for the measurement of time. We measure time in seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months and years.The measurement of time utilize seconds is the most precise and accurate unit of measure w hen mensuration time. With current technology, a sprinters time can be enter in fractions of a second. With the addition of railway car originate and auto finish, the clock begins when the starting gun is fired. The clock stops when the sprinter crosses the finish line which is a beam that stretches across the finish line. Determining the winner of a 100m blast requires precise and accurate measurement because in many instances the sprinters are so close that it is difficult to determine the winner of a race.Before auto start and finish, the sprinters time was recorded by people using a stopwatch. The stopwatch was started at the sound of the gun firing and was halt when you saw some body part cross the finish line. This method acting was subject to human error. There were fractions of a second lost in human reaction time to what they saw and heard. The addition of the auto start and finish has provided the needed increase of precision and accuracy. Times are mensurable with a precision of . 001 seconds. Conclusion Chemistry is relevant and present in our everyday lives.Now, in the morning when you boil an egg too foresighted and the yolk turns a grayish color, know that is a chemical reaction taking place. When an egg is boiled for too long at superior temperatures, ferrous sulfur is produced and that is what causes the grayish color on the yolk (Karukstis, 2003). We can now appreciate why a doctor gives us our medications in ml and not ounces because we know that ml are a more precise measure than ounces. We have and continue to rely on the precise and accurate measurement in so many aspects of our lives even if we seizet realize that we do.

Make decisions or solve problems Essay

What are heuristics? How do they help us organize decisions or realise line of industrial plant? How do they halt decision do and problem figure out? What does the study of heuristics tell us about how our mind works? Elvira Gubayeva In psychology, the term heuristics is used to describe cognitive shortcuts that our mind takes in order to save time and effort while solving problems and making decisions. Although this rule of thumb technique does not guarantee the solution, it is highly likely to solve the problem.These congnitive shortcuts differ from algorithms as algorithms will definitely solve the problem, although they would have got more time in the process. Thus, heuristics are shortcuts that eliminate the need to take up unlikely possibilities or irrelevant states to pay the final solution. From that perspective, heuristics are usable in making decisions or solving problems. One of the most substantial heuristic methods was explored by Newell & group A Simon. T hey called this method the means-ends analysis.This method implies that the problem solver will note the struggle between the current state of the problem and the goal state, the solution. He would then create a subgoal to reduce the difference between the two states. A path, or an operator, would be selected to reach the subgoal. Egan & Greeno(1974) used the Tower of Hanoi problem to investigate this heuristic method. They raise that subjects with prior experience with the problem who used the means-ends analysis solved more difficult versions of the problem faster than subjects who did not make appropriate subgoals.Subjects who changed their schema to means-ends analysis produced better results than those who did not. Overall heuristics are useful in solving problems and making decisions as they reduce the complexity of different solutions that are possible. They do yield good results when they are used in the appropriate context. However, heuristics merchant ship also hi nder decision making and problem solving. For example, Anzai & Simon(1979) shew that many subjects used domain dependent strategies while solving the newspaper column of Hanoi problem.This hindered their process to the solution as they avoided certain states in the obtain that they believed would not help them, rather than move towards a definite goal/ subgoal state. Subjects were more interested in the goal state and focused on reaching that rather than reaching the subgoal state first. As Thomas(1974) found, this could actually hinder process. Thomas used the missionaries-cannibals puzzle and adapted J. R. R. Tolkiens hobbits and orcs to replace missionaries and cannibals. To reach the solution quicker, subjects had to move away from the goal state.However, not many were volition to do that. This distraction to reach the goal state caused the subjects to take durable solving the problem. If the subjects found themselves touching away from the goal state, they typically t heory they reached a back alley and backtracked. As a result, subjects took longer to solve the problem as they were using the domain dependent heuristic and avoided moving away from the goal. Another heuristic which could hinder correct decision making and problem solving is the availability heuristic.We use data that we can imagine better or that which had a bigger impact on us rather than complete data. Thus subjects can make judgements based on what is easier remembered than an unbiased judgement. One availability heuristic that is commonly used is the media bias. The media presents much(prenominal) a great number of fatal accidents that most think that destruction is more likely to be caused by an accident rather than diabetes. This is not the case, yet because an accident is easier to remember and had a greater impact on the mind most would consider the statement above to be true.

Origin and Development of Applied Linguistics Essay

employ philology is not a discipline which exists on its own. It is influenced by former(a) disciplines and influences them as train. It is a two- expression process.For this reason, employ philology examines theories from each(prenominal)(prenominal) sorts of demarcationive beas (se hu valetnesstics, syntax, pragmatics, socio philology,) and from solely sorts of perspectives so that it back up vex out hard-hitting solutions for oral communion - related to issues much(prenominal) as give way away methodology (including opposed phrase and m new(prenominal) spoken words communication get wording), rendering, aphasia, Applied philology originated in tightfitting relation with orthogonal actors line teaching and has developed to cover a roomy range of association, tho its core has unceasingly been diction teaching and breeding.Applied philology masss its inceptions from sociology, psychology, anthropology and information theory as easily as fro m philology to top applicatory occupations in practical beas such as quarrel teaching. So utilize philology is not linguals that is apply, though it applies, set-back of all, philology. In fact, what it applies depends on what the theories ar exercising to. Applied linguistics, unlike pure science, aims to solve occupations.Thus between theories of linguistics and related subject areas and the practical areas such as speech teaching, it frivols the social function of a mediator, which tie theories and practice together. In this way, apply linguistics not only go outs principles and methodology for voice communication teaching, etc. , besides overly gives feedbacks to the speculative acetify by summing up the live from practice. As use linguistics trifles style teaching and neckledge its core, it provides lecture instructor with wide manner of mouth theories, principles and methodology.By teaching applied linguistics, countersigns instructo r burn down possess an overall understanding of updated theories of voice communication teaching & reading as well as a reveal perspective of the various factors affecting oral communication teaching & needing. So it is truly necessary for a phrase instructor to learn applied linguistics in order to teach to a greater extent effectively. As for talking to prentices, it is too very helpful to confuse some neckledge dear about applied linguistics.For one thing, by de fall guyed the currently apply teaching approaches and methods, which are covered by applied linguistics, langu epoch learners tolerate learn to adjust themselves to the instructors teaching by adopting a more proper learning method because a theory of teaching unendingly implies a theory of learning (Applied Linguistics, Yue Meiyun) and spoken communication learning is a two way process, which take aims efforts and adaptation from bath the teachers side and the learners side. For an variant, applied linguistics covers a considerable scope of familiarity.It helps to enhance learners insights and depth of acquaintance in phrase learning. Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary content of take that identifies, investigates, and pleads solutions to vocabulary-related very-life bothers. Some of the academic handle related to applied linguistics are education, linguistics, psychology, ready reckoner science, anthropology, and sociology. The tendency of this writing is to ease up some personal comment on the viewpoint Applied linguistics is not a discipline which exists on its own.It is influenced by other(a) disciplines and influences them as well. It is a bipartisan process. For this reason, applied linguistics examines theories from all sorts of dissentent areas (semantics, syntax, pragmatics, sociolinguistics,) and from all sorts of perspectives so that it help find out effective solutions for delivery -related issues such as teaching methodology (inc luding abroad speech communication and set out tongue teaching), rendering, aphasia,. m each another(prenominal) linguistic students like me find linguistics useful because it broadens and deepens their understanding of related field such as languages and literature (English and foreign), openingible sciences (especially anthropology, sociology, and psychology), education, philosophy, communication The question is whether applied linguistics and linguistics applied is the like. Needless to say, the suffice is no. Phillip Shaw, Stockholm University Strictly sounding at the model above by Philip Shaw, a professor from Stockholm University, we can see a basic coherence between applied linguistics and other sciences. jibe to the professor, studying linguistics bureau studying languages sounds, grammar, lyric poem, gists, uses, and machine-accessible con schoolbooks that is phonetics, syntax, lexis, semantics, pragmatics, and discourse respectively. Of these, phonetics contractes on the corporeal sounds of speech. It covers speech perception (how the brain discerns sounds), acoustics (the physical qualities of sounds as movement through air), and articulation (voice mathematical product through the movements of the lungs, tongue, lips, and other articulators).This area investigates, for instance, the physical realization of speech and how individual sounds differ across languages and dialects. This query plays a big part in computer speech recognition and synthesis. Syntax is the study of how units including words and phrases combine into sentences. Syntacticians investigate what orders of words mystify legitimate sentences, how to succinctly account for patterns frame across sentences. Semantics at heart linguistics refers to the study of how language conveys meaning.Pragmatics is the study of how utterances relate to the context they are spoken in. By areas studied, he distinguishes different kinds of linguistics. Sociolinguistics is th e study where linguistics looks at how language functions in different accessible contexts. In other words, it is the study of how language varies according to cultural context, the speakers background, and the posture in which it is used. Meanwhile, historical linguistics studies how languages are historically related.This involves finding general properties of language and accounting for a languages development and origins. Psycholinguistics is the study of language to find out about how the musical theme constructs. Pr. Phillip Shaw emphasizes that we can applied all knowledge of the above-mentioned sciences. It is understandable, thitherfore, whereas theoretical linguistics is refer with finding and describing generalities both within concomitant languages and among all languages, applied linguistics takes these results and applies them to other areas.He defines applied linguistics as an engineering of linguistics, taking what the sciences of linguistics present discover ed and applied to solve real practical problems. Kamil Wisniewski, in his work Applied Linguistics 2007, he presents the bourne applied linguistics as an umbrella endpoint that covers a unspecific set of numerous areas of study connected by the focus on the language that is actually used. He puts the emphasis in applied linguistics on language users and the shipway in which they use languages, contrary to theoretical linguistics which studies the language in the bstract not referring it to any particular context, or language, like Chomskyan generative grammar for example. Interestingly even among applied linguists there is a difference of opinion as to the scope, the domains and limits of applied linguistics. There are some issues investigated by applied linguists such as discourse analysis, sign language, stylistics and rhetoric as well as language learning by children and adults, both as aim tongue and randomness or foreign language.Correlation of language and gender, as w ell as the transfer of information in media and interpersonal communication are analyse by applied linguists. Also rhetorical linguistics, interpretation and explanation, together with foreign language teaching methodology and language tilt are developed by applied linguistics. Shortly after the introduction of the term applied linguistics it was associated mainly with original, back and foreign language teaching, however now it is seen as more interdisciplinary split of science.Although in certain parts of the humans language teaching remains the study concern of applied linguists, issues such as speech pathologies and determining the levels of literacy of societies, or language processing along with differences in communication between various cultural groups all acquit interest elsewhere. There is a consensus among linguists that is applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field of study that identifies, investigates, and broadens solutions to language-related rea l-life problems.Some of the academic palm related to applied linguistics are education, linguistics, psychology, computer science, anthropology, and sociology. Major branches of applied linguistics include bilingualistism and multilingualism, computer-mediated communication, conversation analysis, contrastive linguistics, sign linguistics, language assessment, literacy, discourse analysis, language pedagogy, second language acquisition, lexicography, language cookery and policies, stylistics, pragmatics, forensic linguistics, and supplanting.For all of what I shake off presented above, I want to restate that applied linguistics does not exist on its own, it launchs a great influence on other disciplines and also is influenced by them. The findings of linguistics, like the findings of any other theoretical study, can be applied to the solution of practical problems, as well as to innovations in mundane areas involving language. This is the mandate of applied linguistics. Applie d linguists draw from theories of language acquisition to develop first and second language teaching methodologies and to follow out successful literacy programs.Applied linguists may also engage in language planning by developing alphabets and grammars for unwritten languages and by writing dictionaries. In short, applied linguistics applies the theories and tools of formal linguistics, sociolinguistics, and psycholinguistics in a wide variety of socially useful ways In his own work Issues in applied linguistics (Cambridge University ask, 2001), Michael McCarthy presents applied linguistics as problem solving concept.According to him, it is the belief that linguistics can mountain pass insights and ways forward in the gag rule of problems related to language in a wide variety of contexts that underlines the very instauration of applied linguistics. Applied linguists try to offer solutions to real- adult male problems in which language is a primeval issue. People very much think that applied linguistics refers to the use of linguistic research in language teaching, but this is just one sub-discipline.McCarthy lists out the domains of typical applied linguistic problems which, as he says, seems sure be wide ranging and capability endless, but big businessman include 14 problems as following1- A speech healer sets out to investigate wherefore s four-year- gray-headed child has failed to develop normal linguistics skills for a child of that age. 2- A teacher of English as a foreign language wonders why groups of learners sharing the same first language regularly make a particular well-formed fracture that learners from other language backgrounds do not. An in force(p) witness in a felon case tries to solve the problem of who exactly investigated a crime, working only with statements make to the police 4- A advertising reproduction framer searches for what would be the most effective use of language to target a particular social group in ord er to sell a product.5- A commence-tongue teacher accepts to know what potential employers consider important in harm of a school-leavers ability to write reports or other business documents. 6- A historian wishes to understand the meanings of place-names in a particular geographical area and how they have changed over time. A person constructing a language test foe non-native speakers for entering into further education collects to know what the key linguistic or psycholinguistic indicators are of reading ability in a second of foreign language. 8- A literary scholar suspects that an anonymous work was in fact written by a very famous writer and looks for methods of investigating the hypothesis. 9- A dictionary writer ponders over possible alternatives to an alphabetically organize dictionary.10- A computer programmer wrestles with the goal of trying to get a computer to process human speech or to get it to translate from one language into another. 1- A group of civil servan ts are tasked with standardizing language usage in their country, or deciding major aspects of language planning policy that ordain affect millions of people. 12- A body is set up to bring about an international, agreed language for use by air-traffic controllers and pilots, or by marine pilots and ships captains. 13- A zoologist investigates the question whether monkeys have language similar to or quite obvious from human language and how it works. 4- A aesculapian sociologist sets out to understand better the changes that bump in peoples use of language as they move into old age. (Michael McCarthy, Issues in Applied Linguistics, Cambridge University Press 2001, page 1-2) In a work called Understanding applied linguistics by Professor V. B Owhotu (2007), the author emphasizes the grandness and growing diversity of applied linguistics. In his view applied linguistics is control first by real world problems or else than theoretical explorations.In other words, the applied ling uists should be preoccupied by the following problems language learning problem (emergence, awareness, rules, use, context, automaticity, attitudes and expertise) language teaching problems (resources, training, practice, interaction, understanding, use, context, inequalities, motivation, out strikes) literacy problems (language and culture) language variation problems such as ethnicity, class, gender and age language policy and planning problems (status planning, lead planning, and ecology of language) language assessment problems (validity, reliability, usability, responsibility) language use problems (dialects, register, discourse communities, gate-keeping situations, limited access to services) language and technology problems (learning, assessment, access and use) transformation and interpretation problem (on-line, off-line, technology aided) and language pathology problems (aphasia, dyslexia, physical disabilities). Needless to say, it is far beyond my capacity to present an insight to all of these above-mentioned problems.However, in this part of the writing, I would like to take problems of language learning and teaching, translation nd interpretation, and speech-language pathology as examples to expose the point that applied linguistics helps us to find out effective solutions to our practical problems. Researches in language teaching straightaway show that applied linguistics is sometimes used to refer to second language acquisitions, but these are distinct fields, in that second language acquisition involves more theoretical study of the system of language, whereas applied linguistics concerns itself more with teaching and learning. In their approach to the study of learning, applied linguists have increasingly devised their own theories and methodologies, such as the shift towards studying the learner rather than the system of language itself, in contrast to the emphasis within second language acquisition.I shall continue by considering what avenues within linguists suggest themselves for approaching two of the problems germane(predicate) to languages teaching. Let us consider problem of teacher trying to understand why learners from the same language background are having difficulty with a particular grammatical structure in English. Potential linguistic questions for the solution of a grammatical problem, as McCarthy shows in Issues in applied linguistics, are What is known about the learners first language or any other language they know which might be interfering with their learning of the foreign language? What do grammarians say about this structure? What psychological barriers might be preventing the learning of the structure? are some structure difficult to learn if they are tackled too early on? Is there an order in which structures are best presented? (Michael McCarthy, Issues in applied linguistics, page 8). Can linguistics offer an approach or solution to the problem? If so, which branch(es) of linguistic study and by what methods? The dish lies in such linguistics components as pragmatics, semantics, syntax. In terms of pragmatics, students sometimes make mistakes in the use of unsuitable sentences in certain contexts that makes listeners misunderstand. Therefore, when teaching English, teachers need not only teach grammar and vocabulary but also teach how to use sentences in suitable contexts e. g. eaching students how and when to say thank you or apologize.In terms of syntax, the most hot mistakes students make are when making sentences students a good deal translate word by word as the result of their habit of mother tongue (e. g. I have a cat black) combining words wrongly to produce phrases (e. g. a high man instead of a tall man) the agreement between words in a sentence (e. g. S and V, tenses). In these cases, possibly effective solutions for teachers are teachers need to teach students how to combine words aright according to English grammatical rules they should teach words in contexts. Teachers might also apply semantic knowledge to the great unwashed with learners mistakes.That is when teaching students a word which has umteen different meanings, they should teach the meanings related to the context, situation wishing to talk about a meaning of the word, we may use different synonyms or antonyms when teaching students how to translate the sentences or the texts into learners mother tongue, we should teach students to combine the meaning of English words and the meaning of their mother tongue to have a good translation. It could be confirmed that any problems in language learning and teaching might be solved with application of linguistics, and knowledge about language plays or could play a major role in language teaching and learning.In translation and interpretation area, applied linguistics can also be shown with effective applications in solving problems. In an article highborn Linguistics and Applied Linguistics post in the website of U niversity of Melbourne, Australia, the author emphasizes an important role of linguistics and applied linguistics in different areas of our life, specially in translation and interpretation area. The article provides clear reasons why linguistic and applied linguistics should be studied by those specializing in translation and interpretation. One of the given reasons is that the skills in need for solving problems are central to the study of linguistics. An evidence for this assumption is clearly shown in the article.That is, In a period when Australian culture is coming to term with the need to relate the worldwide mosaic of non-English speaking cultures, and when information and communication are pathetic to technological centre stage, there is a growing demand for people supply to analyze language. In fact, an increasing identification number of employers, ranging from language teachers to engineers of knowledge systems and speech synthesis, from translators to managers to des igners of natural-language interfaces for computers, from lexicographers to lawyers to bilingual schools in Aboriginal communities, realize the pass judgment of a sound training in Linguistics. As cited in the article, knowledge in Applied Linguistics will provide us a head start in understanding and orient us to the area and will give us pertinent knowledge and uninflected skills.People with a background in Applied linguistics also gain an enhanced understanding of how people learn first, second and foreign languages and of how language is used in the community. These skills will be relevant to those interested in preparing for careers as language teachers, language education and assessment experts, speech pathologists, interpreters and translators, and a variety of jobs in constancy where language and communication are issues are of concern. Linguistics and Applied Linguistics provide unique skills in cross-linguistic and cross-cultural communication that are helpful in solvi ng problems in translation and interpretation. verbalize of applied computational linguistic, people often mention machine translation, computer assisted translation, and natural language processing as fruitful areas which have also come to the forefront in recent years. I am going to pick up machine translation as a typical example of applying linguistic knowledge. railway car translation is a form of translation where a computer program analyses the text in one language the source text and then attempts to produce another, combining weight text in another language the target text without human intervention. presently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some human intervention, as it requires a pre-editing and a post-editing phase.